ICSE Solutions for Class 10 History and Civics – Non-Aligned Movement

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Very Short Questions

Question 1: Give two main features of the policy of non-alignment.
Answer: (i) It is opposed to military alliances.
(ii) It upholds the rights of all people for freedom and justice.

Question 2: Name two architects of the NAM.
Answer: The two architects of the NAM were:
(i) Jawaharlal Nehru of India. (ii) Joseph Broz Tito of Yugoslavia.

Question 3: What is Panchsheel?
Answer: It is peace agreement of five principles signed between India and China in 1954.

Question 4: State three basic objectives of the Non-Aligned Movement.
Answer: (i) Maintenance of international peace.
(ii) Abolition of colonialism and imperialism.
(iii) Protection of environment.

Question 5: When was the first summit of NAM at Belgrade held?
Answer: The first summit was held at Belgrade in 1961.

Question 6: How many countries attended first summit of NAM at Belgrade summit?
Answer: 25 countries attended this summit.

Question 7: Mention two issues discussed at the first summit of NAM at Belgrade summit.
Answer: (i) Disarmament (ii) Colonialism.

Question 8: Who presided over this conference?
Answer: The conference was presided over by the first Prime Minister of India, Pandit Jawahar Lai Nehru.

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Short Questions – I

Question 1: When did the concept of non-alignment emerge? Why?
Answer: The concept of non-alignment emerged during the Cold War. After the Second World War, the world was divided into two power blocs-one led by the USA and the other by the Soviet Union. The newly independent nations decided to remain non-aligned and not join either of the two power blocs.

Question 2: Describe briefly what is meant by non-alignment?
Answer: Npn-alignment is an independent movement that enables each nation to follow its own policies by neither joining any super-power bloc nor coming under their influence.

Question 3: What led to the formation of NAM?
Answer: The following reasons led to the formation of NAM:
(i) Freedom and reawakening of the nations of Asia and Africa.
(ii) Poverty of newly independent nations.
(iii) Newly independent countries wanted peace in the world.

Question 4: Non-alignment does not mean ‘isolation’ or ‘neutrality’. Why?
Answer: Non-alignment does not mean ‘isolation’ or ‘neutrality’ because it is a positive and constructive policy leading to freedom, security, peace and co-operation.

Question 5: Mention some issues discussed at the first NAM summit.
Answer: The first summit of the non-algined countries was held at Belgrade in 1961. A 27 point Declaration was adopted. Some of the parts were:
(i) It condemned all forms of colonialism.
(ii) It called for complete disarmament.

Question 6: What were Pt. Nehru’s views about non-alignment?
Answer: Nehru wanted India to follow the non-aligned policy because he wanted India to keep away
from power politics of groups aligned against one another. He felt that the urgent need of the Afro-Asian countries was to use all their resources for the welfare of their own people and not be used by the super-powers to serve their own global interests.

Question 7: In what way did Nehru advocate a policy of disarmament?
Answer: (i) He consistently condemned building up of weapons of destruction.
(ii) An agreement for banning atomic tests was signed in 1963.

Question 8: How was NAM instrumental in abolishing the policy of Apartheid in South Africa?
Answer: Under the guidance of Nehru, India sponsored a resolution in the UN in 1962, calling upon the member states to take diplomatic action and economic steps against South Africa to make change her policy of apartheid. Apart from this, all the NAM countries fully co-operated with the united nation’s resolutions on the economic boycott of South Africa.

Question 9: Mention any two major problems faced by NAM.
Answer: (i) Majority of members have always depended on economic and other kinds of aid from the big powers.
(ii) Many of the non-aligned countries like Pakistan and Cuba have also been allies of a power-bloc which raised question about their sincerity.

Question 10: While explaining the basic principles of non-alignment, what did Nehru propose?
Answer: (i) To keep away from power blocs or groups aligned against each other.
(ii) To keep on the closest terms of friendship with all countries.

Question 11: What is the significance of the Bandung Conference?
Answer: The Bundung Conference paved the way for co-operation among the newly independent nation, which took the formal shape of the Non-Aligned movement.

Short Questions – II

Question 1: What is meant by Non-Aligned movement.
Answer: Meaning of Non-Aligned Movement: The non-alignment refers to an independent policy adopted by a country while keeping away from the power blocs. It is distinct from neutrality which means keeping aleof from international politics. Thus, non-alignment is a positive concept. Non-Aligned Movement refers to the organised efforts of those states which follow the policy of Non-Alignment. Most of the developing countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America are the members of Non-Aligned Movement (NAM).

Question 2: Why did Nehru advise all the newly independent Afro-Asian nations to keep themselves away from the influence of the super-powers?
Answer: Nehru advised all the newly independent nations of Asia and Africa to keep themselves away form the influence of the super powers because most of these countries were poor and underdeveloped. They had been through so much strife during their national struggle that they really needed peace. Nehru was worried that these countries might lose their complete independence if they joined any power bloc.

Question 3: State the issues discussed at Banding conference.
Answer: (i) The five principles of Panchsheel were given practical slope at the Bandung Conference of 1955.
(ii) The delegates condemned colonialism.
(iii) The need for economic growth in the third world countries was emphasised.

Question 4: Mention the five principles which form the core of ‘Panchsheel’.
Answer: The five basic principles, known as Panchsheel, adopted at the Bandung Conference of 1955 are:
(i) Mutual respect for each other’s territorial integrity and sovereignty.
(ii) Mutual non-aggression.
(iii) Mutual non-interference in each other’s internal affairs.
(iv) Equality for mutual benefit.
(v) Peaceful co-existence.

Question 5: State two actions taken by Jawahar Lal Nehru to further strengthen the cause of Non-Alignment.
Answer: Jawahar Lai Nehu was one of the four founder architects of NAM. His contribution to the movement is very significant. He enumerated the Panchsheel principles on which NAM is based. From the begining, Nehru opposed supporting any power bloc and insisted on judging every incident according to its merits. Nehru called for an Asian Relation conference even before India gained her independence, where he stressed the need for Asian co-operation. This was the precursor of NAM.

Question 6: Explain how Non-Alignment is neither neutrality, nor neutralisation, nor non-commitment.
Answer: (i) It does not remain aloof from international problems. It actively participates in the politics among nations. So, non-alignment stands for action rather than passivity.
(ii) The newly independent nations realised that although they do not have the miliarty and economic powers to influence international affairs, they had great moral force and with their collective reason they could maintain or promote world peace on their own.
(iii) NAM has supported the cause of international peace, justice and freedom. It has vehemently stood against any injustice, be it the Suez crisis in 1956, aggressive policies of Israel or the unilateral attack by the USA against Iraq.

Long Questions

Question 1: Discuss the factors that led to the formation of NAM.
Answer: (i) Global tension caused by the cold war: Most of the newly independent countries of Asia and Africa realised that the division of the world into two power blocs was not in their larger interest and this might endanger world peace. These nations felt that by distancing themselves from the power blocs they would put off the danger of another world war.
(ii) Struggle against imperialism and new-colonialism: The newly independent nations had become free after long and bitter struggles. They wanted to enjoy their newly acquired freedom and the power that had come with it.
(iii) Right of independent judgement: These nations were able to keep their own identity
by not aligning with the power blocs. They wanted to solve their problems themselves without any outside interference.
(iv) Use of moderation in relation to all big powers: They wanted to promote goodwill and co-operation among the nations of Asia and Africa and to explore and advance their mutual interest by establishing friendly relations with all the nations.
(v) Restructuring the international economic order: Most of these nations were economically backward. Since they needed both capital and technical sources to boost their economic development, they considered it worth while to get both the things from whoever they could, without any strings attached.
(vi) Formation of a collective force: They realised that they had great moral force and with their collective reason they could maintain or promote world peace.

Question 2: What were the objectives of NAM?
Answer: (i) To eliminate all those causes which would lead to war.
(ii) To protect the nascent freedom of the newly born independent countries of Asia and Africa from colonial domination.
(iii) To oppose colonialism, imperialism and racial discrimination.
(iv) To advocate sovereign equality of all states.
(v) To encourage friendly relations among countries.
(vii) To advocate peaceful settlement of international disputes.
(vii) To oppose the use of force and the use of nuclear weapons.
(viii) To strengthen the United Nations as an organ of world peace.
(ix) To protect human rights and to protect the environment.
(x) To build a new international economic order based on equity, equality and justice.

Question 3: Describe the role of Non-Aligned Movement in world affairs.
Answer: A number of summits were held by NAM countries to discuss world problems.
(i) The non-aligned nations discussed world affairs at Belgrade in 1961 and Cairo in 1964, in order to bring peace in the world.
(ii) Economic resolutions were adopted at Algiers in 1973.
(iii) The New Delhi Summit in 1983 discussed about disarment and the Iran-Iraq conflict, the Palestinian disarmament and apartheid in South Africa.
(iv) At the Harare summit in 1986 apartheid and racial discrimination were condemned.
(v) When Nelson Mandela was freed in October 1989, he worked actively against apartheid with the full support of NAM.
(vi) The Jakarta Summit of 1992 formulated proposals for democratising the united nations and emphasised globalization of world economy.
(vii) The Kuala Lampur summit in 2003, demanded that the benefits of globalization and the advances in science and technology be shared by the rich and powerful countries with the developing countries.
(viii) At the Havana summit in 2006 the NAM member countries condemned Israel’s attack on Lebanon, supported Iran’s nuclear energy plans and criticised USA’s foreign policy.
NAM still has relevance as with the changing world the member countries have changed their emphasis. NAM is now stressing on human rights, democracy and economic development.

Question 4: What is India’s role in NAM?
Answer: India’s role in NAM:
(i) Jawahar Lai Nehru played a leading role in the evolution of NAM. It was Jawahar Lai Nehru who elaborated refined and popularised the concept of non alignment. Nehru along with Nasser of Egypt and Marshal Tito of Yugoslavia played the leading role in the evolution, establishment and consolidation of Non Aligned movement.
(ii) Nehru, before independence convened the Asian Relations conference in New Delhi in March 1947, which was instrumental in forging unity among Asian nations.
(iii) He enunciated the five principles of peaceful co-existence named Panchsheel. These principle are also the core principle of the NAM.
(iv) A policy of friendship, cooperation and world peace was pursued under him. He pleaded for disarmament as the only means of preserving peace in the world.

Picture Based Questions

Question 1: Answer the following:
ICSE Solutions for Class 10 History and Civics - Non-Aligned Movement 1
(i) Identify the persons in the picture given below.
(ii) With which movement they were associated?
Answer: (i) The persons in the picture are (From Left) Nasser, Tito and Nehru.
(ii) They were associated with Non-Aligned Movement (NAM).

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