Frank ICSE Class 10 Biology

Frank ICSE Class 10 Biology Solutions – Health Organisations

PAGE NO : 169

Solution 1:

1. Diptheria, tetanus, malaria, typhoid, rabies etc are diseases caused by pathogens.
2. Heart disease, Osteoporosis (bones), Parkinson’s disease (CNS) etc are examples of degenerative diseases.
3. Asthma, hay fever, skin allergies are diseases caused by hypersensitivity.
4. Kwashiorkor, Marasmus, Beriberi are diseases caused due to malnutrition.
5. WHO, the World Health Organization, promotes medical education and training.

Solution 2:

1. WHO: It stands for World Health Organizations. This organization was formed in 1948. It’s headquarter is at Geneva in Switzerland. WHO has more than 135 member states, each of which contributes to its annual budget according to the proportion it can pay. It controls the international projects to eliminate diseases. The form of assistance given by WHO includes providing information regarding epidemic warnings, fighting major diseases, taking care of maternal and child health, improving sanitation and water supplies etc.
2. Red Cross: It is an international body founded in 1864 to provide medical aid during emergency conditions such as war. The emblem of Red Cross is a red coloured cross painted on a white background. It provides medical help to the victims of war and natural calamities in the form of blood and first-aid. Red Cross also organizes workshops to educate people on prevention of accidents.
3. The functions of WHO are:
   • It promotes medical education and training to all the countries.
   • It collects information and supplies information about the health, epidemic and endemic diseases all over the world.
   • It encourages research and development of international pharmaceutical products.
   • It suggests quarantine measures to prevent epidemics like plague, cholera etc.
   • WHO also finance international research programmes on health like eradication of malaria, smallpox etc.
4. Quarantine regulations: Quarantine is the limitation on the freedom of movement of an individual or any material so as to prevent spread of contagious diseases.
   The suspected person or material is detained at the port of entry to prevent disease from entering a country. These quarantine regulations are laid down by WHO and they also decide the validity period of vaccination certificates.
5. Radiation hazards: X-rays and radiations from atomic energy are harmful to all living organisms as they can cause burns, cancer or even death. To prevent this, WHO keeps all countries informed and up-to-date about radiation hazards and gives particular attention to the training of workers who can deal with these hazards.

Solution 3:

WHO stands for: World Health Organization.

Solution 4:
The two functions of the WHO are:

1. To provide information on diseases of epidemic nature.
2. To provide quarantine measures for prevention of spread of diseases.

Solution 5:
The two activities of Red Cross are:

1. To provide medical aid and relief to the victims of natural calamities.
2. To provide blood to the victims of war.

Solution 6:

1. hypersensitivity
2. antibiotic
3. deficiency

Solution 7:
Diabetes and Beriberi are two non- communicable diseases.

Solution 8:
The two International health organizations are: WHO (World Health Organization) and Red Cross.

Solution 9:
Following are the reasons for the formation of WHO:
World health Organization is a health organization which works at international level to remove sufferings, promote proper growth and development of children. It was formed with the purpose of coordinating and directing international health work.

PAGE NO : 170

Solution 10:
WHO was established in 1948.

Solution 11:
The headquarters of WHO are located at Geneva in Switzerland.

Solution 12:
The full form of UNO is United Nations Organization.

Solution 13:
The three common diseases prevalent in India are Tuberculosis, Malaria and Dengue.

Solution 14:
The two common water-borne diseases are Jaundice and Cholera.

Solution 15:
The two common air-borne diseases are Common cold and Whooping cough.

Solution 16:
The two common venereal diseases are AIDS (Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome) and Syphilis.

Solution 17:

1. (b) 1948
2. (c) April 7
3. (c) 1981
4. (b) NCCP
5. (d) Geneva
6. (b) 1864
7. (d) All of these
8. (b) Tuberculosis
9. (a) Typhoid
10. (d) (a) and (c)

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Frank ICSE Class 10 Biology Solutions – Health

PAGE NO : 162
Solution 1:

1. Disease: Any physical or physiological disorder in normal functioning of any organ or part of body is called disease.
2. Health: Health is a state of complete mental, physical and social well being.
3. Vaccinations: It is the practice of introducing vaccine (weakend or killed germs) into the body to develop immunity to a particular disease.
4. Immunity: It is the ability of the body to resist microorganisms that enter the body and thus prevent diseases.
5. Antiseptic: Antiseptics are chemicals applied on the body to prevent the growth of microorganisms.
6. Cancer: Cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the body.
7. Allergy: Allergy is a hypersensitive state acquired through exposure to a particular allergen such as drugs, pollens or microorganisms.
8. Hypersensitivity: It refers to undesirable and excessive reactions in response to an allergen produced by the normal immune system.
9. Immunization: It is the process by which the body is protected against disease by inoculating the person with vaccine.
10. Disinfectant: Disinfectants are chemicals applied on the spots to prevent the growth of microorganisms.
11. Penicillin: It is an antibiotic which was discovered firstly from a fungus , Penicillium notatum.
12. Sulphonamide drugs: Sulphonamide drugs are a group of synthetic drugs which prevent the growth and multiplication of bacteria. They are commonly called as sulpha drugs.
13. Acquired disease: Acquired diseases are those diseases which are caused by a pathogen or deficiency diseases.
14. Prophylaxis: A prophylaxis is a measure taken to maintain health and prevent the spread of disease.
15. Antibiotic: Antibiotics are the chemical substances formed from microorganisms which kill or prevent the growth of disease causing microbes.

Solution 2:

Solution 3:
Artificial Respiration: It is a method of first-aid used to restore or maintain respiration in a person who has stopped breathing. The method uses mechanical or manual means to force air into and out of the lungs in a rhythmic fashion.

Solution 4:
DPT: Diphtheria, Pertussis and Tetanus.

Solution 5:
Antigens, that cannot stimulate the immune system of the body of a person, are called haptene.

Solution 6:
The three germ killing secretions of our body are:

1. Mucus secretions from windpipe
2. Hydrochloric secretions from stomach
3. Tears from eyes.

Solution 7:
BCG stands for: Bacillus Calmette Guerin.

Solution 8:

1. Antiseptic: Antiseptic are mild chemical applied on the body to kill the microorganisms. Example: Halogens (I)
2. Antibiotic: Antibiotic is a natural chemical substance produced by a microorganism, which inhibits or kills another microorganism. Example: Penicillin

Solution 9:

1. Passive acquired immunity
2. Antiseptics

Solution 10:
antibiotic

Solution 11:
Antiseptics are the chemical substances applied on the body to destroy or prevent the growth of microbes. It is harmless to skin and body. For example Alcohols, halogens can be used as antiseptic on skin.

Solution 12:
The two international health organisations are: WHO and Red Cross.

PAGE NO : 163

Solution 13:
Vaccination: It is the practice of artificially introducing the germs or the germ substances into the body for developing resistance to particular disease.

Solution 14:

1. Disinfectants: Disinfectants are chemicals applied on the spots to prevent the growth of microorganisms. It is a strong germ-killing substance. But it may cause harm to skin and body. Example: Lysol, DDT etc.
2. Penicillin: Penicillin is the first antibiotic discovered by Alexander Fleming. It is obtained from Penicillium notatum. It has a very high therapeutic value and used against a number of gram positive bacteria including those causing Rheumatic fever , pneumonia , sore throat etc.
3. Sulphonamides: Sulphonamides popularly called sulpha drugs are a group of synthetic drugs which possess bacteriostatic property because they are able to block the enzyme system of bacteria.
4. Vaccines: Vaccine is a preparation consisting of dead or weakend microbes which help to build immunity in the human body .When introduced in an individual, a vaccine stimulates the production of antibodies against the particular type of germs.

Solution 15:

1. proteins that react with antigens or invading germs
2. antigen
3. Penicillin, rheumatic fever

Solution 16:

1. True
2. False
3. True
4. True
5. False
6. True
7. False
8. True

Solution 17:

1. (a) Plasma Protein
2. (b) destroy micro-organisms
3. (a) I
4. (c) Jenner
5. (c) Tuberculosis
6. (d) 1985
7. (b) eradicating Polio by 2000.
8. (c) diphtheria
9. (b) virus
10. (c) Small Pox

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Frank ICSE Class 10 Biology Solutions – Reproductive System

Solution 1:

1. Testes
2. Ovary
3. Uterus
4. Oviduct
5. Fertilization
6. Parthenogenesis
7. Testes and ovaries

Solution 2:

1. penis
2. vagina
3. oviduct
4. female
5. oviduct

Solution 3:

1. Ovary: To produce ova and three female sex hormones i.e oestrogen, progesterone and relaxin.
2. Fallopian tube: To transport eggs from ovary to uterus and it a site of fertilization.
3. Uterus: To protect and provide nutrients for the developing embryo.
4. Vagina: To receive the seminal fluid.
5. Testes: To produce sperms and male sex hormone i.e. testosterone.
6. Penis: deposition of semen into the female’s vagina.

Solution 4:

1. Parthenogenesis: It is a type of asexual reproduction in which a female gamete or egg cell develops into an individual without fertilization.
2. Asexual reproduction: It is the type of reproduction in which the offspring are formed without the production of gametes.
3. Sexual reproduction: It is the type of reproduction in which the offspring are formed after the fusion of gametes.
4. Dioceious: It is the individual / organism having male and female reproductive organs in separate individuals.
5. Monoecious: It is the individual / organism having male and female reproductive organs in the same individual.
6. Clone: It is a group of genetically identical cells or organisms asexually descended from a common ancestor.

Solution 5:

1. Parturition: The expulsion of the foetus from the mother’s body is called parturition.
2. Ovulation: The process of release of an egg from the ovary is called ovulation.
3. Spermatogenesis: The production and development of sperms is called spermatogenesis.
4. Gestation: The period in which an embryo develops in the uterus is called gestation.
5. Implantation: The attachment of developing zygote to the uterine wall is called implantation.

Solution 6:

PAGE NO : 142
Solution 7:

1. Graafian follicle
2. Uterus
3. Ovulation is the process of releasing of egg from the ovary.
4. The hormones secreted by the ovary are: oestrogen and progesterone.

Solution 8:

1. Peritoneum
2. Ureter
3. Backbone
4. Rectum
5. Seminal vesicle
6. Glands
7. Anus
8. Vas deferens
9. Epididymis
10. Left testis
11. Scrotum
12. Penis
13. Urethra
14. Vascular erectile tissue
15. Bladder
16. Muscular wall of abdomen
    The two functions of part 6 are :
    • Prostate gland secretes an alkaline milky secretion into semen that aids in sperm motility.
    • Cowper’s gland also secretes a lubricant.
17. The three components of urine are urea, uric acid, amino acids, glucose, sodium, potassium, vitamins etc.
18. he main function of the part labelled 3 is backbone. Its function is to give support, movement and protection to the spinal cord.

Solution 9:

Solution 10:

1. Graafian follicle
2. Seminal vesicles and prostate gland
3. Uterus
4. Parturition
5. Oviduct

PAGE NO : 143
Solution 11:

1. Fallopian tube
2. Funnel like opening
3. Uterus
4. Sacrum
5. Rectum
6. Cervix
7. Anus
8. Vagina
9. Front of pelvis
10. Bladder
11. Muscular uterine wall
12. Muscular wall of abdomen
13. Peritoneum
14. Normally, after 28 days an ovary releases an egg.
15. During coitus, sperm are released in the vagina.
16. After ejaculation in vagina, sperms undergo fertilization where it fuses with an ovum of female to form zygote.
17. The function of sacrum is to protect the pelvic organs or reproductive organs of female.
18. The gestation period in human is 280 days.

Solution 12:

1. False
2. False
3. True
4. False
5. True

Solution 13:
False.
Pregnancy in women can be prevented by the method of tubectomy.

Solution 14:
Amnion.

Solution 15:

1. Menarche
2. Ovulation
3. Menstruation
4. Fertilization
5. Implantation

Solution 16:

1. (b) continuity of race
2. (b) asexual reproduction
3. (b) female gamete
4. (c) Parthenogenesis
5. (b) vagina
6. (c ) castration
7. (b) oviduct
8. (c ) puberty
9. (b) menarche
10. (c ) 20-30C below the body temperature
11. (d) menarche
12. (b) 10 days

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Frank ICSE Class 10 Biology Solutions – Endocrine System

PAGE NO :128
Solution 1:

1. Pituitary gland
2. Somatotrophin
3. Thyroxine
4. Pancreas
5. Liver
6. Adrenal gland
7. Adenohypophysis
8. Neurohypophysis
9. Thyroxine

Solution 2:

1. Somatotrophic Hormone – It is essential for the normal growth of an organism.
2. Thyroid stimulating hormone – It stimulates the activity as well as the growth of thyroid glands.
3. Adrenocorticotrophic hormone – It stimulates the activity of adrenal cortex.
4. Gonadotrophic hormone – It promotes the growth of ovarian follicles in females and the growth of sperms in males.
5. Insulin hormone – It lowers the blood sugar level.
6. Corpus luteum – It secretes progesterone.
7. Glucagon hormone – It raises the blood sugar level.

Solution 3:

1. Insulin
2. STH
3. Islets of Langerhans
4. STH
5. Insulin

Solution 4:

1. FSH – Follicle stimulating hormone
2. LTH – Luteotropic hormone

Solution 5:

PAGE NO :129
Solution 6:

1. (b)
2. (c)
3. (a)
4. (e)
5. (d)

Solution 7:

1. True
2. False
3. False
4. False
5. False

Solution 8:

1. Hormone – The secretions of endocrine glands which are carried by blood to the target organs are called hormones.
2. Endocrine gland – The glands without ducts which secrete hormones are called endocrine glands.
3. Exocrine gland – The glands with ducts which secrete enzymes are called exocrine glands.
4. Hypothyroidism – It is the under secretion of thyroxine by thyroid gland which leads to retarded growth and mental development in infants.
5. Hyperglycemia – Increase in blood sugar level is called hyperglycemia.
6. Hypersecretion – The over activity of any gland leads to over secretion of hormones called hypersecretion.

Solution 9:

Solution 10:

1. Diabetes mellitus – Diabetes mellitus is a disease caused by the deficiency of insulin hormone.
2. Beta cells – Beta cells are the cells of pancreas that secrete insulin.
3. Exophthalmic goitre – The over activity of thyroid gland leads to its enlargement, producing a big swelling in the neck region called exophthalmic goiter.
4. Releasing hormones – A substance produced by the hypothalamus that is capable of accelerating the secretion of a given hormone by the anterior pituitary gland.

Solution 11:

Solution 12:
Insulin secreted by pancreas controls the level of glucose in blood.

Solution 13:
Adrenaline is called an emergency hormone because it brings rapid physiological responses to emergencies like danger, fear or other situations requiring vigorous action.

Solution 14:

Solution 15:



Solution 16:

1. Exophthalmic goitre – It is caused due to over activity of thyroid gland.
   Symptoms are – Enlargement and protrusion of the gland below the chin, increased pulse rate, nervousness and bulging of the eyes.
2. Diabetes mellitus – It is caused due to less secretion of the insulin hormone.
   Symptoms are – Frequent urination, Sudden weight gain or weight loss, Excessive thirst and hunger.

Solution 17:
In hilly region, water has less iodine which is required for the production of thyroxine. So due to the deficiency of thyroxine, people suffer from goiter.

Solution 18:
Insulin is a protein hormone and if it is given orally it would be digested upon by the protein digesting enzymes in the alimentary canal.

Solution 19:

1. The endocrine cells present in pancreas are: alpha cells, beta cells and delta cells.
2. Insulin and glucagon.
3. Insulin – It lowers the glucose level in the blood.
4. Glucagon – It raises the level of glucose in the blood.

Solution 20:

1. Adrenaline
2. Insulin
3. Glucagon
4. Thyroxine
5. Calcitonin
6. Adrenaline
7. Growth stimulating hormone
8. Sex corticoids
9. Antidiuretic hormone
10. Non adrenaline

Solution 21:

1. (b) Diabetes
2. (b) Adrenal gland
3. (d) Pancreas
4. (b) Gigantism
5. (a) Insulin
6. (b) Liver
7. (c) Target
8. (c) under secretion of insulin
9. (a) beta cells of pancreas
10. (d) glucagon
11. (c) progesterone

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Frank ICSE Class 10 Biology Solutions – Photosynthesis

PAGE NO : 74
Solution 1:

Solution 2:

1. Plant pigments – Plant pigments are a variety of different kinds of molecules present in plants that absorb certain wavelengths of light while reflecting others.
2. Quantum – Quantum are the discrete packets which stores energy and these particles can be changed from one form to another.
3. Organic food – The food that is produced by using methods that do not involve synthetic inputs such as synthetic pesticides and chemical fertilizers is called organic food.
4. Light reaction – The reaction of photosynthesis which takes place in the presence of light is called light reaction.
5. Photolysis in photosynthesis – The process of splitting of water by sunlight during light reaction of photosynthesis is called photolysis in photosynthesis.

Solution 3:

Solution 4:

Solution 5:

1. The aim of the experiment is to prove that CO2 is necessary for photosynthesis.
2. Potassium hydroxide absorbs CO2 from the surrounding. It is placed to remove CO2 within the conical flask.
3. The leaf inside the conical flask would be tested for the presence of starch by the application of iodine.
4. The expected result of the above test is – No change in the colour will be observed.
5. Yes, it is necessary to similarly test on the outer leaf also to show that leaves present in CO2 show photosynthesis.

Solution 6:

1. 1 – Upper Epidermis; 2 – Palisade layer / chloroplast; 3 – Xylem; 4 – Phloem; 5 – Guard cell
2. The two arrows show the release of oxygen and water vapours during the daytime and carbon dioxide and very less amount of oxygen is released during the night.
3. Yes, one more arrow can be added to show the absorption of carbon dioxide by the leaf.
4. One vein has been shown in this section.

Solution 7:

Solution 8:

Solution 9:

PAGE NO : 75
Solution 10:

1. The objective of this experiment is to prove that oxygen is released during photosynthesis.
2. Hydrilla
3. Oxygen
4. The rate of photosynthesis will increase and the rate of bubbling also increases when sodium bicarbonate is added.
5. Photosynthesis will not take place.

Solution 11:

1. The leaf is then treated with iodine solution.
2. The leaf from first plant will not show starch test while the leaf from second plant will become blue-black showing the presence of starch.
3. It is necessary to grease the glass sheet to prevent the entry of air containing CO2.
4. The hypothesis that CO2 is necessary for photosynthesis is being tested in this experiment.

Solution 12:
Light intensity is directly proportional to sunlight. Increase in intensity of light increases the rate of photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is maximum in red light followed by blue light and is least in green light.

Solution 13:

1. Advantages of photosynthesis:
   • To produce food for all the organisms on earth.
   • Release oxygen which is a life supporting gas.
2. Respiration is a catabolic process while photosynthesis is an anabolic process. During respiration oxygen is taken and carbon dioxide is given out while during photosynthesis carbon dioxide is taken and oxygen is given out.
3. Chlorophyll is a green coloured pigment found in green plants. it absorbs light energy which is utilized for the formation of ATP and reduction of NADP during photosynthesis.

Solution 14:

Solution 15:

Solution 16:
Coelus and mushroom.

Solution 17:
It is because the upper surfaces of broad leaves are directly exposed to sunlight which leads to maximize the rate of photosynthesis.

Solution 18:

Solution 19:
Chlorophyll.

Solution 20:
True

Solution 21:
False

Solution 22:
During the day transpiration and photosynthesis are interlinked as the stomata opens to facilitate the inward diffusion of carbon dioxide for photosynthesis which also leads to loss of water vapours to the outside during transpiration.

PAGE NO : 76
Solution 23:

1. Destarched plant is the plant which lacks starch. Destarching is done by keeping the plant in dark for 2-3 days or covering a part of a leaf with a black paper by clip.
2. (a) The leaf is plucked and is boiled in water and decolourized with alcohol.
   (b) The portion of leaf which received light turns blue with iodine because photosynthesis took place in that part of leaf.
   (c) The part of leaf which was covered with black paper remains colourless because photosynthesis could not take place in the absence of sunlight.

This shows that starch is not manufactured in the absence of light.

Solution 24:

1. Chloroplast.
2. Glucose and oxygen.
3. Fungi, insects and animals.
4. Photolysis.
5. Magnesium.
6. Chloroplast.

Solution 25:

1. True
2. True
3. False
4. True
5. True
6. True
7. False
8. False
9. True

Solution 26:

1. Photosynthesis
2. Atmosphere
3. Glucose
4. Yellow
5. Chloroplast
6. Glucose and oxygen
7. Stomata

Solution 27:

1. (d) During night
2. (e) Green plants
3. (f) Oxygen
4. (b) Light reaction
5. (a) Decomposers

Solution 28:
Chloroplasts are the cell organelles in green plants which have chlorophyll and thus serve as the main site of photosynthesis.

Solution 29:

1. Large surface area of leaves.
2. Presence of more stomata.
3. The thinness of leaves.

Solution 30:
Carbon cycle is a series of chemical reactions in which atmospheric carbon dioxide is used by the organisms and returned to the atmosphere. Photosynthetic plants use carbon as carbon dioxide from the air synthesizing organic compounds. By respiration, burning, decay, etc. the carbon is returned to the atmosphere.

Solution 31:
Carbon in the form of carbon dioxide enters living organisms and then goes back to the atmosphere through several pathways forming the true carbon cycle. Thus, it helps in maintaining the balance of nature.

Solution 32:
The amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is increasing due to increased human activities like burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, etc. which cause the rise in global temperatures. This global warming result in melting of polar ice caps, floods in coastal areas, disturbance in hydrogenic cycle etc. Thus “Human activities are harmful to the balance of nature”.

Solution 33:
Carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere by:

1. Producers – Producers or green plants use carbon dioxide through photosynthesis. A small amount of carbon dioxide is used by chemosynthetic bacteria also.
2. Marine Organisms – Some amount of carbon dioxide is directly fixed by a few marine organisms and sea water absorbs carbon dioxide in the form of dissolved carbon dioxide, carbonic acid, carbonate and bicarbonates.

PAGE NO : 77
Solution 34:

1. Carbon dioxide is returned back to the atmosphere mainly through the following ways:
   • Respiration – Animals and plants respire and release carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
   • Decay – Plants and animals decay organic matter with the help of bacteria and fungi and release carbon dioxide.
   • Combustion – Plants and animals which got buried under the soil changed into coal and oil and releases carbon dioxide when these are burnt.
   • Ocean water – Carbon dioxide occurs in the form of lime stone in molluscan shells and as by product of photosynthesis in marine water.
2. (i) To show that sunlight is needed for photosynthesis.
   (ii) Yes, the uncovered portion of the experimental leaf is the control.
   (iii) To destarch the leaf.
   (iv) 1. Boil the leaf in alcohol.

2. Wash the leaf in water to make it soft.
3. Add iodine solution on the leaf. The portion uncovered shows blue-black colour and the portion covered shows brown colour. This indicates that sunlight is needed for photosynthesis.

Solution 35:

1. (e) 5
2. (a) 1
3. (b) 2
4. (e) 5

Solution 36:

1. leaves
2. water
3. hydrogen ion
4. photolysis
5. hydrogen
6. NADPH2
7. ATP
8. photophosphorylation
9. glucose
10. polymerization

Solution 37:

1. (d) 3.5
2. (b) Oxygen
3. (c) Water
4. (c) Decrease because the temperature drops.
5. (b) Increases because more photosynthesis occurs.

PAGE NO : 78
Solution 38:

Solution 39:

1. (d) To stop synthesis process in the leaves.
2. (c) Chloroplasts
3. (d) split water
4. (c) Palisade mesophyll
5. (b) ADP
6. (b) liberate O2
7. (a) Grana
8. (b) Red light
9. (d) Carbon dioxide
10. (d) water, carbon dioxide, chlorophyll and sunlight

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Frank ICSE Class 10 Biology Solutions – Transpiration

PAGE NO:60
Solution 1:

1. Transpiration: It is the loss of water in the form of water vapour from aerial parts of the plant.
2. During transpiration, water comes out in the form of water vapour.
3. Transpiration takes place in leaves through stomata. Stomata consist of guard cells, epidermal cells, chloroplast and nucleus.
4. The important difference between transpiration and evaporation is that transpiration is the loss of water from the aerial parts of the plant while evaporation is loss of water from any surface.
5. Stomatal transpiration occurs mainly during the day time when the guard cells of stoma are fully turgid and the stomata are fully open.
6. Cuticular transpiration occurs through the cuticle which is present on the epidermis of leaves & herbaceous stem.
7. Rate of transpiration slows down at night because photosynthesis does not take place and the stomata remains closed.
8. There is a direct effect of temperature on transpiration as the increase in temperature results in increase in the rate of transpiration.
9. When the atmospheric pressure is higher, less water vapour is lost and the rate of transpiration lowers.
10. The relationship between transpiration water and water absorbed from the soil is that if the soil is deficient in water then the rate of water absorption decreases which hence decreases the rate of transpiration and if the soil has excessive water then the rate of water absorption increases which in turn increases the rate of transpiration.

Solution 2:

Solution 3:
There are three types of transpiration found in plants:

1. Cuticular transpiration
2. Lenticular transpiration
3. Stomatal transpiration

Solution 4:
The transpiration occurs highest during the day time as with the increase in light intensity the rate of transpiration increases.

Solution 5:

Solution 6:

Solution 7:
The three means of water loss in plants are:

1. Respiration
2. Guttation
3. Bleeding

PAGE NO :61
Solution 8:
The opening and closing of stomata depends upon the changes in the turgidity of their guard cells. Due to absorption of water the guard cells become turgid.Their inner walls are pulled apart by their outer wall.The gap between the guard cells become wider and stomata open.When guard cells are flaccid due to loss of water, the outer walls are not stretched , their inner walls are not pulled apart decreasing the gap between the guard cells and stomata close.

Solution 9:
Mechanism of stomata: Stomata are small pores present on the leaves which contains two kidney-shaped guard cells. The opening and closing of stomata depends upon the changes in the turgidity of their guard cells. Due to absorption of water the guard cells become turgid.Their inner walls are pulled apart by their outer wall.The gap between the guard cells become wider and stomata open.When guard cells are flaccid due to loss of water, the outer walls are not stretched, their inner walls are not pulled apart decreasing the gap between the guard cells and stomata close.

Solution 10:
Transpiration is important for plants because it evaporates excess water which produces a cooling effect to plants. This process also helps in ascent of sap and transportation of water and minerals to the various parts of the plants.

Solution 11:
Transpiration: It is the loss of water in the form of water vapour usually during day time.
Following are its importance in plants:

1. It causes transpirational pull which helps in the absorption of water.
2. It produces a cooling effect.
3. It helps in the ascent of sap.

Solution 12:
The typical structure of stomata:
Stomata are minute pores of elliptical shape surrounded by two specialized epidermal cells called guard cells.These guard cells are kidney shaped which control the opening and closing of stomata.It also consists of nucleus, stoma, epidermis and chloroplast.

Solution 13:
Following are the importance of transpiration :

1. It causes transpirational pull which helps in the absorption of water.
2. It produces a cooling effect.
3. It helps in the ascent of sap.

Solution 14:

Solution 15:

1. A windy day: On a windy day the water vapour released from the leaves by transpiration is removed faster and the leaf does not get saturated with water. So, transpiration is more during a windy day.
2. A foggy day: On a foggy day the area outside the leaf is saturated with water. So, water vapour from the leaves is removed very slowly thereby reducing transpiration.

Solution 16:
Transpiration increases the rate of water absorption because it causes the concentration of sap to rise. In this condition cells absorb water from their neighbours, leaf, stem and root which creates transpirational pull which finally helps in the absorption of water.

Solution 17:

1. Potometer
2. Potometer is used to measure the rate of transpiration.
3. The rate of movement of the air bubble will indicate the rate of transpiration.
4. The reservoir is used to provide water to the potometer.

Solution 18:

1. Movement of the air bubble will be decreased or slow.
   Reason: During dark, stomata remains closed due to which the rate of transpiration decreases which hence decreases the movement of air bubble.
2. Movement of the air bubble will be faster.
   Reason: During sunlight, stomata remains opened due to which the rate of transpiration increases which hence increases the movement of air bubble.
3. Movement of the air bubble will be faster.
   Reason: Moving air produces dry air which increases the rate of transpiration which hence increases the movement of air bubble.

Solution 19:

1. The level of mercury in the glass tube will rise.
2. Transpiration
3. Transpiration is the loss of water in the form of water vapour usually during day time.
4. The three advantages of transpiration to the plant are:
   • It causes transpirational pull which helps in the absorption of water.
   • It produces a cooling effect.
   • It helps in the ascent of sap.
5.  xylem

Solution 20:
A well-watered potted plant shows wilting of leaves on a hot sunny day. As during hot sunny day rate of transpiration is more than the rate of absorption of water.

Solution 21:
Xylem tissue

Solution 22:

Solution 23:
Stomata. Their main functions include exchange of gases and transpiration.

Solution 24:
Transpiration

Solution 25:
Potometer: It is an apparatus where the rate of the air bubble will indicate the rate of transpiration.It is used to measure the rate of transpiration.

Solution 26:
The three factors that enhance the rate of transpiration are:
1. High intensity of light 2. High temperature 3. Low humidity

PAGE NO :62
Solution 27:
Plants absorb more water than what is required. Out of 100%, only 5% of the water is used in metabolic reactions while the remaining 95% is released into the atmosphere as transpiration.
The three uses of this phenomenon are:

1. It helps in transportation of water and minerals to the various parts of the plant.
2. It produces a cooling effect to the plants.
3. It evaporates excess water.

Solution 28:

1. False
2. Cobalt chloride (CoCl2) paper

Solution 29:

Solution 30:
Potometer is the instrument used for measuring the rate of transpiration.

Solution 31:
Cobalt chloride paper.

Solution 32:
False

Solution 33:
Loss of water as droplets through leaves of an intact plant is termed guttation.

Solution 34:
The three adaptations found in plants to reduce transpiration are:

1. Sunken stomata
2. Modification of leaves into spines
3. Presence of thick cuticle

Solution 35:

1. The aim of the experiment is to demonstrate transpiration.
2. To prevent the evaporation of water from the surface.
3. The level of water in test tube (a) will decrease.
4. The fall in the water level in the test tube (a) is because of transpiration through aerial parts of the plant.
5. Test tube (b) has been taken as a control experiment. Since no transpiration takes place without the plant.

Solution 36:

1. (d) stop growing and gradually die of starvation.
2. (a) open stomata, dry atmosphere and moist soil.

Solution 37:
Cuticle, lenticels and stomata are the three openings through which transpiration occurs.

Solution 38:
Hydathodes: Guttation

Solution 39:

1. The plant was kept in the dark to destarch the leaves.
2. Sodium hydroxide absorbs CO2 thereby making the flask CO2 free.
3. (1) C, (2) E
4. Sunlight

PAGE NO :63
Solution 40:

1. To absorb the moisture formed by transpiration.
2. Yes, the weight of CaCl2 vials kept on the lower side will be more because transpiration will be more on the lower surface and the moisture absorbed.
3. To check the outside and inside pressure.
4. Transpiration is the loss of water from the aerial parts of the plant in the form of water vapour.

Solution 41:

1. A = Guard cell
   B = Stomatal aperture
2. Stomata
3. The function of the guard cells are that they help to regulate the rate of transpiration by opening and closing the stomata thus preventing excessive water loss.
4. The two structural features of guard cells are :
   • The guard cells have thin outer wall and thick inner wall.
   • Guard cells contain chloroplast in their cytoplasm.
5. These are present on the lower surface of the dorsiventral leaf.
6. Transpiration is the loss of water in the form of water vapour from aerial parts of the plant.
7.  Five

Solution 42:

1. (b) Root pressure
2. (d) environmental conditions may dry
3. (a) do photosynthesis and synthesis osmotically active
4. (d) Transpiration
5. (d) hydathodes
6. (b) guttation
7. (b) From the lower surface of leaf
8. (a) Potometer
9. (c) 90
10. (d) atmosphere is dry and temperature is high
11. (c) layering the bottom with vaseline
12. (a) approximately 10%
13. (a) suction force
14. (d) all of the above
15. (a) xerophyte
16. (a) Curtis

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