Frank ICSE Class 9 Solutions

Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Chemistry – Physical and chemical changes

by

Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Chemistry – Physical and chemical changes

PAGE NO :74
Solution 1:
A physical change is a temporary change in which no new substance is formed and the composition or identity of the substance is not altered although certain specific physical properties may be changed.

Solution 2:
A chemical change is a permanent change in which the original substance gives rise to one or more substances with different properties.

Solution 3:
The reactions in which heat is evolved are called exothermic reactions while the reactions in which heat is absorbed are called endothermic reactions.

Solution 4:

  1. False
  2. False
  3. False
  4. False
  5. True

Solution 5:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Chemistry - Physical and chemical changes 1

Solution 6:
Possible conditions for a chemical change are-

  1. One or more new substance is formed during reaction.
  2. The change occurring during the reaction is permanent.
  3. The mass of the substance undergoing a chemical change is generally altered.
  4. Chemical change involves  making and breaking of bond.

Solution 7:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Chemistry - Physical and chemical changes 2

Solution 8:

(a) Redox reaction – The reaction in which both oxidation and reduction takes place simultaneously is known as rtedox reaction. Oxidation is a reaction that involves the addition of oxygen or the removal of the hydrogen. Reduction is a reaction that involves the addition of hydrogen or the removal of oxygen.
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Chemistry - Physical and chemical changes 3
(b) Oxidation – Oxidation is a reaction that involves the addition of oxygen or the removal of the hydrogen. In electronic concept, it is defined as the process in which an atom, molecule or ion loses one or more electrons. This results in increase in the positive charge or decrease in negative charge on the resulting species.
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Chemistry - Physical and chemical changes 4
(c) Reduction – Reduction is a reaction that involves the addition of hydrogen or the removal of oxygen. In the electronic concept, it is defined as the process in which an atom, molecule or ion gains one or more electrons. This results in increase in the negative  charge or decrease in positive charge on the resulting species.
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Chemistry - Physical and chemical changes 5

Solution 9:

  1. Exothermic reaction
  2. Endothermic reaction

Solution 10:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Chemistry - Physical and chemical changes 6

Solution 11:
The chemical reactions which occur with the absorption of light energy are called photochemical reactions.
Examples-
Decomposition of silver nitrate takes place in the presence of light.
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Chemistry - Physical and chemical changes 7

Solution 12:
As the burning substance combines with oxygen ,the total mass of the products should be greater than that of the burning substance. For example,when,magnesium is burnt,a new substance magnesium oxide is formed,whose weight is greater than that of the original magnesium.
Experiment – A crucible is weighed containing about 0.5 gm of magnesium.Now crucible is heated.When magnesium begins to burn,the lid is put back on the crucible and the lid is occasionally raised to allow air to enter and burn the magnesium such that no product is lost.When,all the magnesium has been burnt up, the crucible is allowed to cool and then on weighing it  we observe that there is gain in weight.

Solution 13:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Chemistry - Physical and chemical changes 8

Solution 14:
Three conditions necessary for burning are-

  1. The substance to be burnt must be combustible.
  2. A supporter of combustion such as air or oxygen must be present.
  3. A combustible substance must be heated to its ignition temperature.

PAGE NO :75
Solution 15:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Chemistry - Physical and chemical changes 9

Solution 16:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Chemistry - Physical and chemical changes 10

Solution 17:
When oxidation occurs there is a loss of electrons but simultaneously there is a gain of electrons by other species which is called reduction. These both process occur simultaneously so we can say that both oxidation and reduction go hand in hand and such reactions are known as redox reaction.

Solution 18:

  1. Copper is oxidized to copper sulphate while sulphur in sulphuric acid is reduced to sulphur dioxide.
  2. Silver in silver oxide is reduced to silver while oxygen in hydrogen peroxide is oxidised to molecular oxygen.

Solution 19:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Chemistry - Physical and chemical changes 11
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Chemistry - Physical and chemical changes 12

Solution 20:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Chemistry - Physical and chemical changes 13

Solution 21:
A candle is a stick of paraffin wax with cotton wick.As a candle burns wax melts and trickles down. It gets solidified shortly. This is physical change. Paraffin wax is a mixture of hydrocarbons. When wick catches fire, paraffin wax melts, evaporates and burns in air like any hydrocarbon to give carbon dioxide and water. This is a chemical change.

Solution 22:

  1. physical
  2. chemical
  3. chemical
  4. physical

Solution 23:
Two examples are:-

  1. Burning of wood-carbon get oxidized and oxygen gets reduced.
  2. Rusting-In it iron is oxidized.

Solution 24:

  1. Chromium(VI) .
  2. Hydrogen peroxide
  3. Barium carbonate.
  4. Silver nitrate.
  5. Manganese dioxide.

Solution 25:
Ignition temperature – Ignition temperature is the lowest temperature up to which temperature of a substance must be raised so that it catches fire.
A combustible substance must be heated to its ignition temperature for burning.

Solution 26:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Chemistry - Physical and chemical changes 14

Solution 27:
On heating few crystals of iodine in a test tube, the grey crystals sublimes and dense violet fumes are seen. On cooling, the vapours again form the crystals. So, a physical change can be reversed.

Solution 28:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Chemistry - Physical and chemical changes 20

Solution 29:
When water is freezed and evaporated, these both are physical changes because-

  1. The change is temporary and reversible.
  2. No new substance is formed and the chemical composition of the original substance remains the same.
  3. Mass of the substance remains unchanged
  4. The amount of energy required to bring about a physical change is generally equal to the amount of energy required to reverse the change. Hence,there is no net energy change involved.

Solution 30:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Chemistry - Physical and chemical changes 15

Solution 31:
Air is necessary for burning. Incorrect amount of air in fuel combustion accounts for the largest losses in combustion system. If the fuel does not get enough air for combustion it will generate smoke and a potentially unhealthy mixture of gas products.

Solution 32:

  1. (a) Combustible substances -The substances that catch fire and burn easily. Ex-Wood, Charcoal, petrol, kerosene etc.
    Non-combustible substances-Substance which cannot burn in air or oxygen are called as non- combustible substances. Ex-Nitrogen gas, carbon dioxide etc.
  2. (b) Two substances other than oxygen that support combustion are-
    1. Hydrogen
    2. Nitrogen

Solution 33:

  1. (a)
    1. Burning of coal in air releases CO2 in air.
    2. Respiration releases carbon dioxide and water vapours.
  2. (b)
    1. Photosynthesis removes CO2 from the atmosphere. Plants take carbon dioxide from the atmosphere in the presence of sunlight and use it to synthesise glucose with the liberation of oxygen.
    2. Some man made chemical activities such as setting of mortar also use atmospheric carbon dioxide and helps in removing carbon dioxide.

Solution 34:
Nitrogen is inert in nature and does not support combustion while oxygen supports combustion.If proportions of nitrogen and oxygen in the air were reversed then the rate of combustion of substances will increase.

Solution 35:
Heating of sulphur – If some powdered sulphur is heated gently in a glass test tube, it melts to a pale yellow liquid. Flame is removed to stop heating, it is quickly changed back to solid sulphur.

PAGE NO :76
Solution 36:
Activity series – The arrangement of the metals in the decreasing order of their chemical reactivity is called the activity series.
In displacement reactions, a more reactive element (metal or non-metal) displaces a lesser reactive element from its compound. With the help of the activity series, it is possible to predict which metals will displace other metals from their solutions.

Solution 37:
Balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide is maintained in nature because there is a natural oxygen cycle and a natural carbon cycle operating all the time by which the desired proportions of the two gases in the air are maintained. This is also known as carbon dioxide-oxygen cycle.
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Chemistry - Physical and chemical changes 16

Solution 38:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Chemistry - Physical and chemical changes 17

Solution 39:
Carbon dioxide from the atmosphere enters the plant through photosynthesis, where carbohydrates are produced. From green plants, the carbon in the form of carbohydrates, etc. enter the animal and human bodies. The atmospheric carbon dioxide gets dissolved in oceans by diffusion. Marine algae and photosynthetic bacteria obtain carbon dioxide from water.
Carbon dioxide returns to the atmosphere by respiration, combustion of fossil fuels like coal, wood, petroleum etc., weathering of rocks, volcanic eruptions etc.
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Chemistry - Physical and chemical changes 18

Solution 40:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Chemistry - Physical and chemical changes 18

ChemistryBiologyPhysicsMaths

Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Chemistry – The Language of Chemistry

by

Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Chemistry – The Language of Chemistry

PAGE NO :56
Solution 1:
Symbol – It is the short form or abbreviation used for the name of an element. It represents one atom of that element.
Formula – Formula of a compound represents the composition of a molecule of the substance in terms of the symbols of the elements present in the molecule.

Solution 2:

  1. CaCO3
  2. MgSO4
  3. Fe2 (SO4)3
  4. CaHCO3
  5. CuI
  6. K2Cr2O7
  7. KMnO4
  8. Na2SO4
  9. Mg (NO3)2
  10. Ca3 (PO4)2

Solution 3:

  1. Valency – The combining capacity of an element is called its valency.
  2. Helium < Sodium < Magnesium < Carbon < Phosphorous

Solution 4:
Law of conservation of matter governs a completely balanced equation. It states that “matter can neither be created nor destroyed.”

Solution 5:
A symbol signifies one atom of that element.

Solution 6:
Latin names of the following compounds are-
Iron                      –   Ferrum
Tin                        –   Stannum
Lead                     –   Plumbum
Sodium                –   Natrium
Potassium           –   Kalium
Mercury              –   Hydragyrum

Solution 7:
The equation in which the total number of atoms of each element in the reactants, on the left side of the equation is same as the number of atoms in the products formed, on the right side of the equation is called as balanced chemical equation.

Solution 8:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Chemistry - The Language of Chemistry 1

Solution 9:
A chemical equation gives information about-

  1. What substances enter into a given reaction (reactants) and what products are formed as a result of the reaction.
  2. The  quantities of the reactants and the product formed.
  3. The  optimum conditions of temperature and pressure.

Solution 10:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Chemistry - The Language of Chemistry 2

Solution 11:
H2 means hydrogen, O4 means oxygen and S means sulphur  in the formula of H2SO4.

Solution 12:

  1. The highest valency of the element Z is six.
  2. The formula of the fluoride of Z will be ZF6.

Solution 13:
The three valencies of element are-

  1. Two-Since the element X combines with two hydrogen to form H2X and two atoms of X combines with one carbon to form CX2.
  2. Four-Since the element X combines with two oxygen to form XO2.
  3. Six-Since the element X combines with three oxygen to form XO3.

Solution 14:
Variable valency – Some elements are capable of showing more than one valency in their compounds called variable valency.
Some elements show variable valency i.e. more than one valency since these elements have more than one common valency state.

Solution 15:
Chemical formula – It represents the composition of a molecule of the substance in terms of the symbols of the elements present in the molecule. The rule for writing the formula is criss-cross method.

  1. The positive and negative radicals are represented by their symbols and written side by side with the correct valency written below each.
  2. The valencies are divided by their highest common factor if any to get the simplest ratio.
  3. These numbers are then interchanged and written as subscripts.

Solution 16:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Chemistry - The Language of Chemistry 3

Solution 17:

  1. Sodium hydrogencarbonate
  2. Sodium hexacyanoferrate(III)
  3. Manganese(II) borate
  4. Calcium phosphate
  5. Potassium manganate(VI)

Solution 18:
Co stands for cobalt which is an element while CO stands for carbon monoxide which is a compound.

Solution 19:
Radical – A radical is an atom or a group of atoms of same or different elements that behaves in the manner of positive or negative ion. Radicals have their own combining power(valency) and chemical formulae.
Examples-
Monovalent  radicals -H–,OH–,Cl–,NO3–,H+,Na+,K+,NH4+
Trivalent radicals-PO43- ,Fe(CN)63-,AsO3 3-,N3-,Fe3+,Al3+,Bi3+,Au3+

Solution 20:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Chemistry - The Language of Chemistry 4

Solution 21:

  1. Anion – Negatively charged radicals are termed as anions.
  2. Cation – Positively charged radicals are termed as cations.

Solution 22:
Disadvantages associated with hit and trial method of balancing of equations-

  1. It is tedious and takes a long time.
  2. The method is rather difficult for balancing such equations which contain the same element being repeated in a number of compounds.
  3. It does not give any information regarding the mechanism of the reaction.

ChemistryBiologyPhysicsMaths

Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Chemistry – Elements, Compounds and Mixtures

by

Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Chemistry – Elements, Compounds and Mixtures

PAGE NO :41
Solution 1:

  1. Elements: An element is a pure substance which can neither be broken down into simpler substances nor formed from two or more simpler substances by any known physical or chemical process. It is made of only one kind of atoms. It can be divided into four main categories
    1. Metals-Iron, magnesium
    2. Non-metals-Hydrogen, oxygen
    3. Metalloids-Arsenic, antimony
    4. Noble gas-Helium, neon
  2. Compound: A compound is a pure substance that is composed of two or more elements chemically combined in definite proportion by mass.
    The physical and chemical properties of a compound are different from those of its constituent elements.Hydrogen gas is combustible and oxygen is supporter of combustion , their  compound water  which is liquid is neither combustible nor a supporter of combustion.
  3. Mixture: Mixture is a physical combination of two or more substances, whether elements or compounds, which are mixed in any proportion by mass and retain their original properties even after mixing.
    Homogeneous mixture: They have same composition  and the same properties throughout their entire mass. Example- Salt solution, alloys etc.
    Heterogeneous mixture: They have different composition and different properties in different parts of their mass. Example-Mixture of sand and salt, mixture of iron fillings and sulphur etc.

Solution 2:

  1. Oxygen
  2. Carbon, hydrogen, Oxygen
  3. Mercury, Bromine
    1. Helium
    2. Oxygen
  5. Gallium,caesium
  6. Two noble gases are-
  7. Helium
  8. Argon

PAGE NO :42
Solution 3:
Air is a mixture because-

  1. The composition of air is not fixed i.e. the components may be present in any proportion by mass.
  2. Components of air i.e. nitrogen, oxygen etc. do not react with each other.

Solution 4:
Elements – Lead, Mercury, Sodium
Mixtures – Air, petrol, ink, gunpowder
Compounds – Common salt, alcohol, sand

Solution 5:
Pure substance – A pure substance is one which is made up of only one kind of particles. These particles may be atoms or molecules.
Example-Sulphur,  water.
Impure substance – They are mixtures of two or more chemically different substances mixed in indefinite proportions. The constituent substances retain their properties in the mixture.
Example-Mixture of salt and sand, gunpowder

Solution 6:
Mercury is the metal which is liquid at room temperature and bromine is the non-metal which is liquid at room temperature.

Solution 7:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Chemistry - Elements, Compounds and Mixtures 1

Solution 8:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Chemistry - Elements, Compounds and Mixtures 2

Solution 9:
Two reasons for believing that copper is a metal and sulphur is a non-metal are:-

  1. Copper is malleable and ductile while sulphur is neither malleable nor ductile.
  2. Copper is a good conductor of heat while sulphur is not good conductor of heat.

Solution 10:
Metalloids – The elements which possess properties intermediate between those of the metals and non-metals are called as metalloids. They react with both acids and alkali’s to form salts.
Ex – Arsenic, antimony

Solution 11:
Graphite is a non-metal which is a good conductor of electricity.

Solution 12:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Chemistry - Elements, Compounds and Mixtures 3

Solution 13:
Mixture is the general name of the materials which contain atleast two pure substances and show the properties of their constituents.

Solution 14:

  1. Sodium
  2. Bromine
  3. Arsenic
  4. Radon
  5. Mercury
  6. Oxalic acid
  7. Carbon dioxide

Solution 15:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Chemistry - Elements, Compounds and Mixtures 4

Solution 16:

  1. simpler substances
  2. atomic
  3. same
  4. mixture of salt and water
  5. two

Solution 17:
Names of two other mixtures which contain elements only are-

  1. Bronze
  2. Duralumin

Solution 18:

  1. A Molecule – The smallest particle of a substance that retains the chemical and physical properties of the substance and is composed of two or more atoms.
  2. Atomicity – Atomicity of an element is defined as the number of atoms present in one molecule of that element.

Solution 19:
Since, the constituents of a mixtures may be present in varying proportions so it cannot be expressed by a fixed chemical formula.

Solution 20:

  1. Air
  2. Cement
  3. Milk Sugar solution

Solution 21:
If a mixture of powdered iron and sulphur is heated in a test tube, a black shiny compound iron(II) sulphide (FeS)  is formed.

Solution 22:

  1. Tungsten, Mercury
  2. Graphite, Iodine

PAGE NO :43
Solution 23:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Chemistry - Elements, Compounds and Mixtures 5

Solution 24:

  1. Chromatography – The chromatography is a technique of separating pure substances from the mixture.
    Advantages of chromatography –

    1. It requires a very small amount of the substance or sample.
    2. The components retain their individuality during the process.
    3. Chromatography finds application in easy separation of substances with similar physical and chemical properties.
  2. Filtration – It is a separation technique for separating a mixture in which one component should be solid and insoluble in the other liquid component.
    Example- Barium sulphate  in water.
  3. Fractional distillation – It is a technique used to separate  two liquids which dissolve in one another.The separation relies on the differences in boiling points of the two liquids.
    No, mixture of chloroform and water cannot be separated by this method.
  4. Centrifugation – It is a method for separating the suspended particles of a substance from a liquid in which the mixture is rotated at a high speed in centrifuge machine.
    Application – The clay particles in water (which are very fine) can be separated by centrifugation.

Solution 25:

  1. The vapour state which is obtained by heating solid without passing through liquid state is called sublimate.
  2. A liquid condensed from vapour in distillation is called distillate.
  3. The liquid produced after filtering a suspension of a solid in a liquid is called filtrate.
  4. Supernatant liquid is the upper layer of fluid found after a mixture has been centrifuged.
  5. If there is a heterogeneous mixture containing an insoluble solid in a liquid, then the solid substance that settle down is called sediment.

Solution 26:
We use fractional distillation to separate alcohol from a mixture of alcohol and water since the difference in boiling point between alcohol and mixture is very less.

Solution 27:

  1. We obtain pure water from sea water by distillation.
  2. A sample of pure iodine and sodium chloride is obtained by sublimation.

Solution 28:
The separation of the mixture depends upon-

  1. Size of the constituents
  2. Magnetic properties of constituents
  3. Mass of the constituents
  4. Solubility of the constituents
  5. Miscibilities of the constituents
  6. Boiling point of the constituents
  7. Diffusion rate of the constituents

Solution 29:
This is a separation technique of solid-solid mixture. This method involves the use of a solvent in which only one of the solid present in the mixture dissolves. Undissolved solid is removed by filtration. Mixture of ammonium chloride and silver chloride is separated by this method.

Solution 30:

  1. By distillation and fractional distillation we separate the mixture of two liquids.
  2. Yes, mixture of chloroform (B.P.= 61 oC) and carbon tetrachloride (B.P.=77 oC) be satisfactorily separated by the process of fractional distillation which is used for separating the various fractions of petroleum.
    For this purpose we will make two fractionating columns in the apparatus.

Solution 31:

  1. Solid-solid mixtures
    1. Magnetic separation method-Separation of iron ore from impurities
    2. Gravity separation-Mixture of saw dust and sand
    3. Solvent extraction-Mixture of sulphur and sand
  2. Solid- liquid mixtures
    1. Evaporation-Water and sodium chloride
    2. Distillation-Iodine in chloroform
    3. Filtration-Barium sulphate in water
  3. Liquid-liquid mixtures
    1. By separating funnel-Oil and water mixture
    2. Distillation-Acetone and water
    3. Fractional distillation-Ethyl alcohol and water

Solution 32:
The chromatography is the technique of separating pure substances from the mixtures. The chromatographic techniques was first employed by a Russian scientist Michael Tswett in 1903 for the separation of coloured substance from the mixture.
Principle of chromatography: The principle of chromatography is based on the difference in the extent of interaction (absorption) of various substances with a stationary phase and a mobile phase. A substance which interacts strongly with the mobile phase goes ahead of the other substance which interacts strongly with the stationary phase.

Solution 33:
Ink generally contain more than one dye. This mixture of ink is used as moving phase. Different constituents of ink move at different speed. The solvent rises up the filter paper over the spot and carries the different coloured components of ink to different heights on the filter paper. Each spot thus obtained at a particular height on the filter paper contains a particular constituent of the ink. Thus, the components of the ink are separated.

Solution 34:
By the help of fractional distillation we separate the components of liquid air.

Solution 35:

  1. Increase in weight – Sulphuric acid and iron
  2. Decrease in weight – Sodium carbonate crystals
  3. No change in weight – Sodium chloride

Solution 36:
By filtration, we will separate a mixture of chalk powder and water.

Solution 37:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Chemistry - Elements, Compounds and Mixtures 6

Solution 38:
Fractionating column avoid the collection of distillate and re-distillation of distillate several times during fractional distillation.

Solution 39:
Two pair of liquids which can be separated by using a separating funnel-

  1. Oil and water
  2. Chloroform and water

Solution 40:
At first, with the help of magnet, iron nails will separate. Then, by sublimation camphor will separate from common salt.

Solution 41:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Chemistry - Elements, Compounds and Mixtures 7
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Chemistry - Elements, Compounds and Mixtures 8

PAGE NO :44
Solution 42:

  1. When a magnet is moved over ‘X’, iron fillings are pulled away and stick to the magnet. When a magnet is moved over ‘Y’, it remained  unaffected.
  2. When’X’ is treated with carbon disulphide, sulphur dissolves but not iron. While, when’Y’ is treated with carbon disulphide, iron sulphide does not dissolve  but sinks to the bottom of the test tube.
  3. When ‘X’ is treated with dilute HCl, a colourless, odourless gas hydrogen is evolved which burns with a blue flame and is extinguished with a pop sound. While, when ‘Y’ is treated with dilute HCl, a colourless gas with the smell of rotten eggs is evolved which is H2S.
    There is difference in the behavior of ‘X’ and ‘Y’ because ‘X’ is a mixture while ‘Y’ is a compound. The component of a mixture do not react chemically, so retain their identity in the mixture while the components of compound react chemically, so do not retain their identity in the compound.

Solution 43:
Centrifugation is used in milk dairies to separate cream from milk dairies.

ChemistryBiologyPhysicsMaths

Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Physics – Measurement

by

Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Physics – Measurement

PAGE NO: 15
Solution 1:
Measurement is an act or the result of comparison of a quantity whose magnitude is unknown with a predefined standard.

Solution 2:
The physical quantities like mass, length and time which do not depend on each other are known as fundamental quantities.

Solution 3:
Length, mass, time are the three fundamental quantities.

Solution 4:
Unit is a standard quantity of the same kind with which a physical quantity is compared for measuring it.

Solution 5:
A standard metreis equal to 1650763.73 wavelengths in vacuum, of the radiation from krypton isotope of mass 86.

Solution 6:
Three systems of unit are

  • C.G.S system – fundamental unit of length is centimetre(cm), of mass is gram(gm), of time is second(s).
  • F.P.S system– fundamental unit of length is foot(ft), of mass is pound(lb), of time is second(s).
  • M.K.S system– fundamental unit of length is metre(m), of mass is kilogram(kg), of time is second(s).

Solution 7:
The SI unit of mass is Kilogram. One standard kilogram is equal to the mass of a cylinder of nearly same height and diameter and made up of platinum and iridium alloy.

Solution 8:
Three units of length greater than a metre are

  • Decameter = 10 metre
  • Hectometer = 100 metre
  • Kilometer = 1000 metre

Solution 9:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Physics - Measurement 1

Solution 10:
Light year is defined as the distance travelled by light in vacuum in one year.

Solution 11:
Two units of length smaller than a metre are

  • Decimeter = 0.1 metre
  • Centimeter = 0.01 metre

Solution 12:
Leap year because it is a unit of time.

Solution 13:
Order of magnitude of a physical quantity is defined as its magnitude in powers of ten when that physical quantity is expressed in powers of ten with one digit towards the left decimal.
For example, volume= 52.37 m3 then the order of magnitude is 102m3.

Solution 14:
No, micron is not same as millimeter because micron is equal to 10-6metre while a millimeter is equal to 10-3metre.

Solution 15:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Physics - Measurement 2

Solution 16:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Physics - Measurement 3

Solution 17:
A leap year refers to a year in which February has 29 days and the total days in the year are 366 days.

PAGE NO: 16
Solution 18:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Physics - Measurement 4

Solution 19:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Physics - Measurement 5

Solution 20:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Physics - Measurement 6

PAGE NO: 28
Solution 1:
When one complete rotation is given to the screw hand, it moves forward or backward by a distance is called pitch of the screw. It is distance between two consecutive threads of the screw.
Pitch of the screw = distance travelled by screw in n rotations/n rotations

Solution 2:
No, least count is not same as pitch because least count is found by dividing pitch by number of divisions on the circular scale.

Solution 3:
Two uses of vernier caliper are

  • Measuring the internal diameter of a tube or a cylinder.
  • Measuring the length of an object.

Solution 4:
Two limitations of metre rule

  • There comes an error of parallax due to thickness of the metre rule.
  • We cannot use metre rule for measuring small thickness.

Solution 5:
When one complete rotation is given to the screw hand, it moves forward or backward by a distance called pitch of the screw. It is distance between two consecutive threads of the screw.
Pitch of the screw = distance travelled by screw in n rotations/n rotations
Least count refers to the smallest reading that can be accurately measured while using an instrument. The least count is the value of one division on its scale.

Solution 6:
Initial level of water in cylinder = 30 ml
Level of water in cylinder after immersing piece of copper = 50 ml
Volume of copper piece = 50-30 = 20 ml

PAGE NO: 29
Solution 7:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Physics - Measurement 7

Solution 8:
The ratchet is used in a screw gauge to hold the object under measurement gently between the studs.

Solution 9:
If the zero of the circular scale does not coincide with the zero of the main scale (pitch scale), this is known as zero error. There are two types of zero error –

  1. If the zero of the circular scale remains below the line of graduation then it is called positive zero error
  2. If the zero of the circular scale lies above the line of graduation then it is called negative zero error
    For positive zero error correction, the zero error should always be subtracted from the observed reading
    For negative zero error correction, the zero error must be added to the observed reading.

Solution 10:
Two scales in a screw gauge are

  • A linear scale called the main scale graduated in half millimeters
  • A circular scale divided into 50 or 100 equal parts.

Solution 11:
Due to constant use, there is space for the play of screw gauge but gradually this space increases with the use or wear and tear, so that when the screw is moved by rotating it in some direction, it slips in the nut and does not cover any linear distance for some rotation of the screw head. The error due to this is known as backlash error.
It is avoided by turning the screw always in the same direction.

Solution 12:
Following procedure is used to measure the diameter of a wire

  • Calculate the least count and zero error of the screw gauge.
  • Place the wire in between the studs. Turn the ratchet clockwise so as to hold the wire gently in between the studs. Record the main scale reading.
  • Now record the division of circular scale that coincides with the base line of main scale. This circular scale division multiplied by least count will give circular scale reading.
  • The observed diameter is obtained by adding the circular scale reading to the main scale reading. Subtract the zero error if any, with its proper sign, from the observed diameter to get the true diameter.

Solution 13:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Physics - Measurement 8

Solution 14:
Screw gauge measures a small length to a high accuracy because it has the lowest least count among the given three instruments. And low least count means high accuracy

Solution 15:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Physics - Measurement 9

Solution 16:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Physics - Measurement 10

Solution 17:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Physics - Measurement 11

Solution 18:
If the zero of the circular scale remains below the line of graduation then it is called positive zero error. When there is positive zero error, then the instrument reads more than the actual reading. Therefore in order to get the correct reading, the zero error should always be subtracted from the observed reading.

Solution 19:
Pitch of the screw gauge = 0.5mm = 0.05 cm
Circular scale divisions = 100
Least Count of screw gauge = pitch of the gauge/circular scale divisions
= 0.05/100
= 0.0005cm

Solution 20:
If the zero of the circular scale lies above the line of graduation then it is called negative zero error. When there is negative zero error, then the instrument reads less than the actual reading. Therefore in order to get the correct reading, the zero error should always be added to the observed reading.

Solution 21:

  • False, because the accuracy is higher in case of screw gauge due to lower least count value of 0.01mm
  • True
  • False, because its least count is limited to 0.1 cm. thus this length can be measured with an instrument of least count of 0.001 cm i.e. screw gauge
  • False, the ratchet is used to hold the object under measurement gently between the studs.
  • True

Solution 22:
The space occupied by a body is known as its volume. SI unit of volume is cubic metre (m3)

Solution 23:
The space occupied by a body is known as its volume. SI unit of volume is cubic metre (m3)

Solution 24:
1 m3 = 1000 litre
1 litre = 1/1000 m3
= 0.001 m3

PAGE NO: 30
Solution 25:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Physics - Measurement 12

Solution 26:
SI unit of volume is cubic metre or metre3 (m3).
The relation between liter and metre3
1 metre3 = 1000 liter

Solution 27:
Pitch of the screw = 0.5 mm
Least count = 0.001 mm
Number of divisions = pitch/least count
= 0.5/0.001
= 500

Solution 28:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Physics - Measurement 13

Solution 29:
Precautions to be taken while measuring volume of a solid lighter than water using displacement method

  • The sinker should be insoluble in water
  • The sinker should have a high density than water.
  • Lower meniscus should be read to note down the readings and error due to parallax should be avoided.

Solution 30:
Measurement of volume of an irregular solid soluble in water using a graduated cylinder.

  • In this case, kerosene or any liquid whose density is lighter than water and in which the solid is not soluble is used.
  • Fill the graduated cylinder with the liquid.
  • Record the lower meniscus of liquid and let the value be V1.
  • Tie the solid whose volume is to be measured to a strong string and lower it into the water gently.
  • Note the reading carefully and let the value be V2
  • Volume of the solid, V = V2 – V1

PAGE NO: 38
Solution 1:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Physics - Measurement 14

Solution 2:
A seconds pendulum is a pendulum which takes 2 seconds to complete one oscillation. The length of seconds pendulum, where g = 9.8ms-2, is nearly 1 m.

Solution 3:
A stopwatch is used to measure short intervals of time.

Solution 4:
SI unit of frequency is hertz (Hz).

Solution 5:
When a pendulum completes one oscillation in one second, then the frequency is one hertz.

Solution 6:
The time period, T and frequency of oscillation, f are related as,
T = 1/f or f = 1/T

Solution 7:
One complete to and fro motion of a pendulum about its mean position is known as oscillation. Amplitude is the magnitude of the maximum displacement of the bob from the mean position on either side when an oscillation takes place.

Solution 8:
SI unit of amplitude is metre (m).

Solution 9:
A seconds pendulum is a pendulum which takes 2 seconds to complete one oscillation. The length of seconds pendulum, where g = 9.8ms-2, is nearly 1 m.

Solution 10:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Physics - Measurement 15

Solution 11:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Physics - Measurement 16

Solution 12:
When a pendulum is taken from earth to moon surface, its time period will increase because the acceleration due to gravity on moon is less than that on earth and the time period depends inversely on square root of acceleration due to gravity.

Solution 13:
If time period of a pendulum becomes infinite, the pendulum will not oscillate at all as pendulum will take infinite time to complete one oscillation.

Solution 14:
Effective length of a simple pendulum is the distance of the point of oscillation (i.e. the centre of the gravity of bob) from the point of suspension.

Solution 15:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Physics - Measurement 17

Solution 16:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Physics - Measurement 18

Solution 17:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Physics - Measurement 19

Solution 18:
The time period of a pendulum is independent of mass of the bob.

Solution 19:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Physics - Measurement 20

Solution 20:
The quantity of matter contained Mass of a body can be measured by using a beam balance. in a body is called its mass. Mass is always constant for a given body.

Solution 21:
A beam balance works on the principle of moments. According to the principle of moments, under equilibrium condition, the clockwise moment due to the body on one side of beam equals the anti clockwise moment due to standard weights on the other side of beam.

Solution 22:
Precautions to be taken to measure the mass of a body using beam balance are

  • The beam must be gently lowered before adding or removing weights from the pan.
  • The weights should not be carried with bare hands to avoid the change in weights due to moisture and dust particles from the surrounding.
  • The lever should be turned gently, in order to prevent knife edges from chipping.
  • Never keep the wet or hot objects on the pan.
  • The weights should be placed into weight box after use.
  • Whenever you are near the actual weight, you should carefully try the weights in the descending order.

Solution 23:
SI units of time and mass are second (s) and kilogram (kg) respectively.

Solution 24:
Conditions for a beam balance to be true are

  • Both the pans must be of equal weights.
  • Both the arms must be of equal lengths.

PAGE NO: 44
Solution 1:
Least count of an instrument refers to the smallest reading that can be accurately measured while using the instrument. For an instrument provided with a scale the least count is the value of one division on its scale.

Solution 2:
Maximum possible error is 0.1 cm.

Solution 3:
Slope of a graph indentifies the proportional relationship between the quantities plotted.

Solution 4:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Physics - Measurement 21

Solution 5:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Physics - Measurement 22

Solution 6:
Accuracy is the extent to which a reported measurement approaches the true value of the quantity measured. This extent is usually described by the least count of the instrument and since the least count for a given instrument is limited hence, the accuracy of the instrument is limited.

Solution 7:
Two types of error in a measurement are

  • Random errors-these errors are due to various factors. In a number of observations we get different readings every time.
    These errors can be minimized by taking observations a large number of times and taking the arithmetic mean of the readings.
  • Gross error– these errors are due to carelessness of the observer like parallax, improper setting of the instrument.
    These errors can be minimized only when the observer is careful in setting up of instrument and taking readings.

Solution 8:
3000g is the most accurate measurement because it has maximum number of significant figures = 4.

Solution 9:
Basically there is no difference between the quantity being measured but there is a difference of significant figures in the measurement.

  1. Number of significant figures = 3
  2. Number of significant figures = 4
  3. Number of significant figures = 5
    Since (3) part has maximum number of significant figures = 5, therefore it is most accurate among the given three.

PAGE NO: 46
Solution 1:
Unit is a standard quantity of the same kind with which a physical quantity is compared for measuring it.

Solution 2:
The units which can neither be derived from one another, nor can they be further resolved into other units are known as fundamental units.

Solution 3:
The units which can be expressed in terms of fundamental units of mass, length and time are known as derived units.

Solution 4:
A standard metre is equal to 1650763.31 wavelengths in vacuum, of the radiation from krypton isotope of mass 86.

Solution 5:
One standard kilogram is equal to the mass of a cylinder of nearly same height and diameter and made up of platinum and iridium alloy.

Solution 6:
SI unit of electric current is Ampere (A).

PAGE NO: 47
Solution 7:
Light year is defined as the distance travelled by light in vacuum in one year.

Solution 8:
1 Parsec is bigger because 1 Parsec is 3.26 times a light year.

Solution 9:
1 Fermi is smaller because 1 Fermi is 10-15 m while 1 micron is 10-6 m.

Solution 10:
Parsec refers to the distance at which an arc of length equal to 1 astronomical unit subtends an angle of one second at a point.
No, parsec is not same as astronomical unit (A.U.).
1 Parsec = 2 x 105 A.U.

Solution 11:
Least count of a vernier caliper used in laboratory is 0.1mm = 0.01cm

Solution 12:
Vernier caliper is an instrument used for measuring small lengths of solid objects where an ordinary scale cannot be applied. We can measure the length accurately up to the order of 10-2 cm, 10-3 cm depending upon the vernier used. Therefore a vernier caliper is important to measure the fraction of a smallest division of a measuring scale which otherwise could not be done by the judgment of the eye.

Solution 13:
Least count of an instrument refers to the smallest reading that can be accurately measured while using the instrument. For an instrument provided with a scale the least count is the value of one division on its scale.

Solution 14:
No, we cannot measure the thickness of a paper with vernier caliper as its least count is only 0.1mm. We should use screw gauge instead as its least count is 0.01 mm as the thickness of the paper is in the range of 10-2 mm.

Solution 15:
If the zero of the one scale (vernier scale or circular scale of screw gauge) does not coincide with the zero of the main scale, this is known as zero scale, zero error arises. There are two types of zero error –

  • If the zero of the scale remains below the line of graduation of the main scale then it is called positive zero error
  • If the zero of the scale lies above the line of graduation of the main scale then it is called negative zero error

Solution 16:
Screw gauge consists essentially of a screw with a uniform pitch which moves in a nut, thus it is named as screw gauge because the major working part is a screw.

Solution 17:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Physics - Measurement 23

Solution 18:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Physics - Measurement 24

Solution 19:
Material used for making screw gauge is stainless steel to avoid expansion and contraction due to change in weather as stainless steel absorbs a little heat.

Solution 20:
When one complete rotation is given to the screw hand, it moves forward or backward by a distance is called pitch of the screw. It is distance between two consecutive threads of the screw.
Pitch of the screw = distance traveled by screw in n rotations/n rotations

Solution 21:
If the zero of the circular scale lies above the line of graduation then it is called negative zero error. When there is negative zero error, then the instrument reads less than the actual reading. Therefore in order to get the correct reading, the zero error should always be added from the observed reading.

Solution 22:
Due to constant use, there is space for the play of screw gauge but gradually this space increases with the use or wear and tear, so that when the screw is moved by rotating it in some direction, it slips in the nut and does not cover any linear distance for some rotation of the screw head. The error due to this is known as backlash error.
It is avoided by turning the screw always in the same direction.

Solution 23:
A screw are threaded to twist in, when turned with a screw driver while nails are smooth to slide in straight when pounded with hammer.

Solution 24:
Screw has two types of motions: linear and circular motions.

Solution 25:
Unit of Least count of an instrument is cm.

Solution 26:
1 micron = 10-6 m.

Solution 27:
A physical balance works on the principle of moments. According to the principle of moments, under equilibrium condition, the clockwise moment due to the body on one side of beam equals the anti clockwise moment due to standard weights on the other side of beam.

Solution 28:
1 light year = 9.46 x 1015 m

Solution 29:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Physics - Measurement 25

Solution 30:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Physics - Measurement 26

Solution 31:
Yes, the vibration is same as the oscillation.

Solution 32:
The time period, T and frequency of oscillation, f are related as,
T = 1/ for f = 1/T

Solution 33:
An ideal pendulum is a simple pendulum consists a heavy mass (called the bob) considered as a point mass suspended by a thread which is considered to be mass less and inextensible or non-elastic, from a fixed point or rigid support and in which there is no friction between the support and the string.

Solution 34:
Wall clock with a pendulum will run at a faster rate in winter as it pendulum rod get shorter and the pendulum will swing at a faster rate thus the clock would run faster in winters.

Solution 35:
Measurement is needed for precise description of any phenomenon happening in the world. For example, if a body is freely falling down to the ground, to understand this phenomenon we must know its velocity, time it will take to reach the ground , etc and to get answer to all our questions we need measurement.

Solution 36:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Physics - Measurement 27

Solution 37:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Physics - Measurement 28

Solution 38:
The maintenance of standard units is essential because any variation in these standards would lead to wrong measurements, misleading results and confusing generalizations. The standards are preserved in such a way that they do not undergo any change with the change in temperature, pressure, humidity and other environmental changes.

Solution 39:
Main characteristics of a standard unit are as follows

  • It must be well defined.
  • It must be of proper size. Very small or large size may cause inconvenience.
  • It should be easily accessible
  • It must be reproducible at all places without any difficulty.
  • It must be accurately defined and must not change with time, place and physical conditions such as pressure, humidity, etc.
  • It must be widely acceptable all over the world.

Solution 40:
The units which can neither be derived from one another, nor can they be further resolved into other units are known as fundamental units. Some of the fundamental units are metre (length), kilogram (mass), second (time), Kelvin (temperature), ampere (current), etc.

Solution 41:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Physics - Measurement 29

Solution 42:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Physics - Measurement 30

Solution 43:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Physics - Measurement 31

PAGE NO: 48
Solution 44:
If the zero of the circular scale does not coincide with the zero of the main scale (pitch scale) when the end of the movable screw is brought in contact with the fixed end then the screw gauge is said to have a zero error.

Solution 45:
In this case, the zero error is positive
Least count of screw gauge = 0.01 mm
Thus, zero error = 0 + 4 x L.C. = 0.04 mm

Solution 46:
In this case, the zero error is negative
Least count of screw gauge = 0.01 mm
Thus, zero error = (50-47) x L.C.
= 3 x 0.01
= 0.03 mm

Solution 47:
No, we cannot measure the diameter of a wire by wrapping it around a pencil because it is not very accurate. We can use screw gauge for this purpose as it can measure the diameter correct up to 1/100 of millimeter or even less.

Solution 48:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Physics - Measurement 32

Solution 49:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Physics - Measurement 33

Solution 50:
Number of threads =20
Distance covered in 20 threads = 10 mm
Pitch of the screw gauge = 10/20 =0.5 mm
No of divisions on circular scale = 50
Least count = pitch/no of divisions = 0.01 mm

Solution 51:

  • Oscillation – One complete to and fro motion of a pendulum about its mean position is known as oscillation.
  • Time period – The time taken by a simple pendulum for an oscillation is known as the time period of a simple pendulum.
  • Frequency -the number of oscillation made by the pendulum in one second is called frequency. Its SI unit is Hertz (Hz).
  • Amplitude – Amplitude is the magnitude of the maximum deviation of the bob from the mean position on either side when an oscillation takes place.

Solution 52:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Physics - Measurement 34

Solution 53:
Mass of the metal = 540g
Volume = 200cm3
Density = mass of metal/ volume
= 540 /200 = 2.70 g/cm3

Solution 54:
Mass of copper = 540 g
Density of copper = 9 g/cm3
Volume of copper used in the alloy = mass of copper / density
= 540/9 = 60 cm3
Mass of iron = 240 g
Density of iron = 8 g/cm3
Volume of iron used in the alloy = mass of iron / density
= 240/8 = 30 cm3
Total mass of the alloy = 540 + 240 = 780 g
Total volume of the alloy = 60 + 30 = 90
Density of the alloy = mass of the alloy / density of the alloy
= 780 / 90 = 8.67 g/cm3

Solution 55:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Physics - Measurement 35

PAGE NO : 49
Solution 56:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Physics - Measurement 36

Solution 57:
For measuring the length of an object using a vernier calipers, these steps are followed:

  • First of all we find the least count and zero error of the vernier calipers.
  • Place the object whose length is to be measured below the lower jaws and move the jaw till it touches the object. Record the main reading.
  • Note the division on the vernier scale that coincides with some division of the main scale. Multiply this number of vernier division with least count. This is vernier scale reading.
  • Record the observed length by adding the main scale reading and the vernier scale reading. Also, subtract zero error with its proper sign, if any, from the observed length to find the true length of the object.

Solution 58:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Physics - Measurement 37

Solution 59:
Following procedure is used to measure the diameter of a wire

  • Calculate the least count and zero error of the screw gauge.
  • Place the wire in between the studs. Turn the ratchet clockwise so as to hold the wire gently in between the studs. Record the main scale reading.
  • Now record the division of circular scale that coincides with the base line of main scale. This circular scale division multiplied by least count will give circular scale reading.
  • The observed diameter is obtained by adding the circular scale reading to the main scale reading. Subtract the zero error if any, with its proper sign, from the observed diameter to get the true diameter.

Solution 60:
In order to measure the length of an object using a metre rule, the metre rule must be placed with its marking close to the object, such that the zero marking on the scale coincides with one end of the object. Then the reading on the scale corresponding to the other end of the object will give the length of the object.
Precautions to be taken for measuring the length of the object, the eye must be kept vertically above the end of the object to avoid parallax and the corresponding marking along the line should be carefully read.
The meter scale can measure up to an accuracy of 1mm or 0.1 cm

Solution 61:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Physics - Measurement 38

Solution 62:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Physics - Measurement 39

Solution 63:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Physics - Measurement 40

Solution 64:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Physics - Measurement 41

Solution 65:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Physics - Measurement 42

Solution 66:

  • Oscillation – One complete to and fro motion of a pendulum about its mean position is known as oscillation.
  • Amplitude – Amplitude is the magnitude of the maximum deviation of the bob from the mean position on either side when an oscillation takes place.
  • Frequency – the number of oscillation made by the pendulum in one second is called frequency. Its SI unit is Hertz (Hz).
  • Time period – The time taken by a simple pendulum for an oscillation is known as the time period of a simple pendulum.

Solution 67:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Physics - Measurement 43

PAGE NO: 50
Solution 68:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Physics - Measurement 44

Solution 69:
To measure mass of a body using a physical balance

  1. Before starting, bring the plumb line just above the pointed projection by adjusting the leveling screws at the base. The beam is then gently raised using the lever. And it should be ensured that the pointer swings equally on both sides of the zero mark of the scale.
  2. Now lower the beam gently and given body is kept on left pan.
  3. Next, place some weight on the right pan form the weight box using the forceps.
  4. Now the lever is turned towards right so that the beam rises and the power begins to swing to pointer swing on either side. It must be carefully noted that the side to which the pointer moves more, denotes lesser mass on that side.
  5. Go on adjusting the standard weights till the pointer swings equally on both sides of the zero mark.
  6. At this stage, the total mass of weights on the right pan gives the mass of the body.
    Three precautions to be taken to measure the mass of a body using beam balance are

    • The beam must be gently lowered before adding or removing weights from the pan.
    • The weights should not be carried with bare hands to avoid the change in weights due to moisture and dust particles from the surrounding
    • Whenever you are near the actual weight, you should carefully try the weights in the descending order.
      Conditions for a beam balance to be true are
  7. Both the pans must be of equal weights.
  8. Both the arms must be of equal lengths.

Solution 70:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Physics - Measurement 45

PhysicsChemistryBiologyMaths

Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Chemistry – Study of Gas Laws

by

Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Chemistry – Study of Gas Laws

PAGE NO :21
Solution 1:
An ideal gas can be characterized by three state variables:

  1. Absolute pressure (P),
  2. Volume (V), and
  3. Absolute temperature (T).

Solution 2:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Chemistry - Study of Gas Laws 1

Solution 3:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Chemistry - Study of Gas Laws 2

Solution 4:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Chemistry - Study of Gas Laws 19

Solution 5:
Kelvin zero is – 273.15 oC.

Solution 6:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Chemistry - Study of Gas Laws 3

Solution 7:
The standard temperature and pressure (STP) by general convention are 0 oC(273 K) and 1 atm(760 mm Hg).

Solution 8:

  1. The value of standard temperature is (i) 0 oC and (ii) 273 K
  2. The value of standard pressure is (i) 1 atm, (ii) 760 mm of Hg, (iii)76 cm of Hg, (iv)760 torr

Solution 9:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Chemistry - Study of Gas Laws 4

Solution 10:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Chemistry - Study of Gas Laws 5
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Chemistry - Study of Gas Laws 6

Solution 11:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Chemistry - Study of Gas Laws 7

Solution 12:
There is simultaneous effect of temperature and pressure changes on the volume of a given mass of a gas. So, when stating the volume of a gas, the pressure and temperature should also be given.

PAGE NO :22
Solution 13:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Chemistry - Study of Gas Laws 8

Solution 14:

  1. Volume of a gas would be reduced to zero at 0 K (-273 0C).All temperatures on the Kelvin scale are positive, so Kelvin scale has been adopted for chemical calculation.
  2. At absolute zero temperature, volume of a gas would be reduced to zero. Theoretically,this is the lowest temperature that can be reached. At this temperature all molecular motions cease. Thus, practically this temperature is impossible to attain because on cooling gases liquefy and Charles’ law is no more applicable.
  3. According to combined gas law equation, there is simultaneous effect of temperature and pressure changes on the volume of a given mass of a gas. So, when stating the volume of a gas, the pressure and temperature should also be given.

Solution 15:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Chemistry - Study of Gas Laws 9

Solution 16:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Chemistry - Study of Gas Laws 10

Solution 17:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Chemistry - Study of Gas Laws 11

Solution 18:

  1. True
  2. False
  3. False
  4. False
  5. False

Solution 19:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Chemistry - Study of Gas Laws 12

Solution 20:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Chemistry - Study of Gas Laws 13

Solution 21:
We trap a definite quantity of  air in the closed vessel. At any point, the pressure on the air is equal to the atmospheric pressure plus the pressure due to the excess mercury column in the open end tube. By pouring mercury in the tube, we increase the pressure on the air and measure its volume under that pressure. We thus obtain a set of data for the volume of a fixed mass of air under different pressures.
For a given mass of air at constant temperature, the following observations are made-

  1. The volume of air decreases with increasing pressure and vice versa.
  2. The proportion by which the volume decreases or increases is the same by which the pressure increases or decreases.

Solution 22:

  1. Pressure will also be doubled.
  2. Pressure will be double.

Solution 23:

  1. 273
  2. absolute zero
  3. absolute temperature
  4. the average kinetic energy

Solution 24:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Chemistry - Study of Gas Laws 14

Solution 25:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Chemistry - Study of Gas Laws 15

Solution 26:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Chemistry - Study of Gas Laws 16

Solution 27:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Chemistry - Study of Gas Laws 17

Solution 28:
As weather balloon go higher into the atmosphere, the air becomes less dense, so air pressure drops. Because of this, the air that is already inside the balloon  expands to cope with the difference in pressure. The end result is that the balloon expands making it larger.

Solution 29:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Chemistry - Study of Gas Laws 18

ChemistryBiologyPhysicsMaths

Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Chemistry – Matter and its Composition: Law of Conservation of Mass

by

Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Chemistry – Matter and its Composition: Law of Conservation of Mass

PAGE NO :8
Solution 1:
Matter is anything around us which occupies space and has mass. Example- Coal, Copper, Water, Oxygen, Kerosene
Key: Matter occupies space and has mass.

Solution 2:
The conditions for something to be called matter are –

  1. It should occupy space.
  2. It should have mass.

Solution 3:
Light and sound are not considered to be matter because they neither have mass nor do they occupy space.

PAGE NO :9
Solution 4:
Solid:

  1. The particles are held together by strong intermolecular forces and have minimum intermolecular space.
  2. Solids have definite mass, shape and volume.

Liquid:

  1. The intermolecular forces of liquid molecules are intermediate of molecules  of solids and gases while intermolecular spaces are greater than in solids.
  2. Liquids have definite mass and volume but not definite shape. They take the shape of the container.

Gas:

  1. The particles are held together by very weak intermolecular forces while intermolecular spaces are much greater than in solids.
  2. Gases have definite mass but not definite shape and volume. They take the shape of the container.

Solution 5:
Two reasons for saying that wood is a solid are-

  1. Wood has definite mass and shape.
  2. Their intermolecular forces are very strong so they cannot flow.

Solution 6:
The particles of gases are separated from each other by large spaces and intermolecular forces of attraction are the weakest in gases. They have least density. So, they can flow easily. Hence, gases have no fixed shape and volume.
Key: Intermolecular forces of attraction are the weakest in gases.

Solution 7:

  1. Gases
  2. Solid
  3. Solid

Solution 8:

Properties Solids Liquids Gases
1.State of packing The particles are closely packed and their positions are also fixed. The particles are loosely packed and their positions are not fixed. The molecules are wide apart and their positions are also not fixed.
2.Energy associated Particles can vibrate only to and fro about their mean positions. Therefore, they have small kinetic energy due to their motion. The particles can move about more freely and have considerable kinetic energy due to their motion. The particles move about freely and have maximum kinetic energy due to their motion.
3.Intermolecular forces The particles are held together by strong intermolecular forces. The particles are held together by weak intermolecular forces. The particles are held together by very weak intermolecular forces.
4.Physical features Solid has a crystalline structure with both definite size and definite shape. Liquid does not have a definite shape but has definite volume and can flow from higher to lower level. Gas has neither definite shape nor a definite volume but can flow and is easily compressible.

Solution 9:

  1. gases
  2. strong
  3. sublimation
  4. Condensation
  5. gaseous

Solution 10:
The postulates of the kinetic theory of matter-

  1. Composition of Matter: Matter, whether in the solid, liquid or gaseous state, is composed of very small particles which may be molecules, atoms or ions.
  2. Arrangement of Particles: These particles have spaces lying between them and these spaces are referred to as intermolecular spaces or interparticle spaces.
  3. Forces of Attraction: The forces of attraction between the molecules of a given substance are called intermolecular forces. The magnitude of this force depends upon the state of the substance and on the magnitude of the intermolecular spaces. As the intermolecular space increases, the intermolecular force decreases.
  4. Motion of the constituent particles: The particles are always in a state of motion. In solids, they vibrate about their mean positions and in liquids and gases, they move randomly.
  5. The kinetic energy of the particles increases with rise in temperature. As the temperature is increased, the particles undergo motion more vigorously and more  randomly.

Solution 11:

  1. Solid to liquid state: The conversion of a substance from the solid state to liquid state at a particular temperature is called melting or fusion. The heat energy supplied to the solid is absorbed by its molecules to gain kinetic energy. The kinetic energy increases the rate of vibration of the molecules. The force of attraction thus no longer holds the molecules close together and the solid gets change into liquid.
  2. Gas to liquid: The conversion of a substance from the gaseous state to its liquid state at a particular temperature is called condensation or liquefaction. On cooling, the gas molecules loose their kinetic energy in the form of lost heat and so molecular motion slows down. Decreased molecular motion causes a decrease in intermolecular space. The molecules come very close and the force of attraction between them correspondingly increases and the gas gets change into liquid.
  3. Liquid to gaseous state: The heat energy supplied to the liquid is absorbed by its molecules to gain kinetic energy and therefore the molecules move faster. This increases the intermolecular space. The intermolecular force of attraction decreases and liquid changes into gaseous state.
  4. Liquid to solid state: The conversion of a substance from the liquid state to solid state by cooling is called freezing. On cooling a liquid, the kinetic energy of the molecule is decreased. Due to decreased kinetic energy, the molecules cool down and come closer, thus reducing the intermolecular spaces. The force of attraction between the molecules thus increases. Now, the molecules are no longer in a position to be free or to migrate and liquid changes into a solid.

Solution 12:

  1. Freezing: The process of changing a liquid into a solid by cooling is called        freezing. Freezing means solidification. It occurs at a definite temperature called freezing point.
  2. Evaporation: The phenomenon involving the change of a substance from the liquid state to the gaseous state at room temperature or at any other temperature below its boiling point is called vaporization or evaporation.
  3. Boiling point: The temperature at which a liquid boils and changes rapidly into a gas at atmospheric pressure is called boiling point of the liquid.
  4. Melting point: The temperature at which a solid substance changes into its liquid state at 1 atmospheric pressure is called the melting point of that substance.

Solution 13:

  1. Size of naphthalene balls decreases – Sublimation
  2. Drying of wet clothes – Evaporation
  3. Wax melts in the sun – Melting
  4. Formation of clouds – Evaporation and Condensation

Solution 14:
Three compounds which are sublimate are-

  1. Camphor
  2. Naphthalene
  3. Iodine

Solution 15:
‘States of matter triangle’ shows inter-conversion of states of matters.
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Chemistry - Matter and its Composition Law of Conservation of Mass 1

Solution 16:
The process by which a liquid slowly converts into vapour state at a temperature below its boiling point is called evaporation.
The heat energy is absorbed by the liquid to convert it into vapour state. So, loss of heat causes cooling.

Solution 17:

  1. True
  2. True
  3. False
  4. True

Solution 18:
“In all physical and chemical changes, the total mass of the reactants is equal to that of the products”. So, in other words matter can neither be created nor destroyed.

Solution 19:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Chemistry - Matter and its Composition Law of Conservation of Mass 2

Solution 20:

  1. Matter
  2. Solid
  3. Gas
  4. Solid
  5. Gas
  6. Gas
  7. Liquid
  8. Fluid
  9. Melting
  10. Vaporization

ChemistryBiologyPhysicsMaths

Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology – Being Alive – Vegetative Propagation

by

Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology – Being Alive – Vegetative Propagation

PAGE NO : 49

Solution 1:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology - Being Alive - Vegetative Propagation 1
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology - Being Alive - Vegetative Propagation 2

Solution 2:
Advantages of vegetative propagation are:

  1.  Vegetative propagation is the only method to obtain new plants in those plants where seed formation does not occur.
  2.  This method is cheaper, convenient and rapid method of plant multiplication.
  3.  It is the only method of reproduction in plants like grapes, roses, pineapple etc. which do not form viable seeds.
  4.  Plants raised through vegetative propagation from a single plant form a genetically uniform population called a clone.

Solution 3:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology - Being Alive - Vegetative Propagation 3
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology - Being Alive - Vegetative Propagation 4

Solution 4:
Orchids, Rose

Solution 5:
Plants propagated through root cuttings are:

  1. Roses
  2.  Raspberries
  3. Blackberries
  4.  Crabapple
  5.  Fig
  6.  Lilac

Plants propagated through stem cuttings are:

  1. Blackberries
  2. Cannabis
  3. Grapes
  4. Pineapple
  5. Sugarcane
    (Write any four of each)

Solution 6:

(a) Budding – Here a single bud instead of a branch is grafted on the stock. In about two weeks, the bud unites with the stock after which the stock just above the bud is cut off. Budding is usually done in rainy season. Budding is carried out in plants like lemon and hibiscus.
(b) Grafting – Here a detached part of one plant called scion, is inserted into the stem of a rooted plant called stock. Scion is a short piece of detached shoot containing several buds. After a few days, vascular connection is established between the joined parts and parenchyma tissue develops at the junction of the graft. Examples of plants in which grafting is carried out are apple, pear, mango and guava.
(c) Layering – In layering, an intact branch is bent into the soil and is covered with moist soil. The growing tip remains above the soil. When roots arise in the branch region in contact with soil, it is separated from the parent plant. Within a few weeks, a new plant can be propagated by this method. Examples of plants in which layering is carried out are cherry, jasmine and grapevine.

Solution 7:
(a) Tubers
(b) Stem cutting
(c) Bulb
(d) Corm
(e) Stem cutting

Solution 8:
(a) Sugarcane
(b) Agave/ Oxalis
(c) Bryophyllum
(d) Potato
(e) Apple

Solution 9:
Hybridisation is the crossing of two plants differing in one or more genetic characters to obtain a new individual or variety.

Solution 10:
Plant hybridisation is a time consuming process and is carried out between two plants of different species or between two varieties of the same species.
Two parent plants are selected of which one parent has the desired characters. On the female plant, emasculation is carried out i.e. stamens are removed to prevent undesirable fertilization. Then pollen of the male plant is collected and artificially brushed on stigma of emasculated flower. The emasculated flower is kept bagged before and after fertilization to prevent any unwanted cross pollination. After pollination, fertilization takes place and seeds of desired variety are produced.

Solution 11:
Vegetative propagation is economically important in the following ways:

  1.  Vegetative propagation is helpful in the improvement of food crops, cash crops and ornamentals.
  2. Plants raised through vegetative propagation are totally identical to the parent plants (clones) and are genetically similar.
  3. Vegetative propagation is the only method to multiply those plants where seed formation does not occur.
  4.  This is a cheaper, convenient and rapid method of plant multiplication.
  5. It is the only method of reproduction in plants like grapes, roses, Chrysanthemums, pineapples etc. which do not form viable seeds i.e. seeds do not germinate.

Solution 12:
The objectives of plant hybridisation are:

  1. Development of hybrid vigour
  2.  Accumulation of desired traits of two or more plants in a single hybrid.

Plant hybridization is beneficial to us in the following ways:

  1. It is useful in obtaining clones and genetic experimental plants.
  2.  It is a quick and convenient method.
  3.  Hybrid plants are stronger than either parent plant in general and have a higher yield.
  4. Crop plants giving a much higher yield can be developed using this technique.
  5. Plants resistant to diseases, pests and climatic factors can be produced by hybridization with desired plants or wild species.
  6. The hybrid plants (especially ornamentals) have more colourful or fragrant flowers that enhance their commercial value.

Solution 13:
Micropropagation is a technique of propagating plants by culturing cells, tissues or organs. This technique uses a very small amount of the stock plant.

Solution 14:
In micropropagation, a piece of tissue such as bud or shoot tip is removed from a plant, sterilized and placed onto a culture medium. The tissue multiplies into an undifferentiated mass of cells called callus. Later it is transferred to a nutrient medium where this tissue differentiates and produces a number of plantlets. The plantlets are then transplanted into pots kept in green houses and then placed in fields to see their performance.

Solution 15:

  1. (b) layering
  2. (c) lack cambium
  3. (a) agamospermy
  4. (b) both genetically and morphologically similar to parent-plants

BiologyChemistryPhysicsMaths

Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology – Being Alive – Tissues

by

Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology – Being Alive – Tissues

PAGE NO : 41

Solution 1:
Permanent tissue is a group of cells which temporarily or permanently cease to divide and thus assume permanent form and function.
Permanent tissues are of three types – simple tissues, complex tissues and special tissues.

Solution 2:
Sclerenchyma is a type of simple tissue present commonly in roots, stems, leaves and petioles. Its cells are dead, elongated and narrow with thickened and lignified cell walls. Sclerenchyma is of two types i.e. fibres and sclerids.
Sclerenchyma gives strength, rigidity and flexibility to the plant body, thus enabling it to withstand various strains.

Solution 3:
Xylem is a complex plant tissue composed of several types of cells which are:

 

  1. Tracheids – These cells are long and tubular with thick, rigid and lignified walls and pointed ends. Tracheids are present in all vascular plants. These conduct water and minerals from root to stem.
  2.  Vessels – These are long cylindrical cells with lignified walls, placed one above the other to form a pipe like structure. They participate in the conduction of water and minerals.
  3.  Xylem fibres – These are sclerenchymatous fibres found attached to xylem. These provide strength to the plant organs.
  4.  Xylem parenchyma – This is the living component of xylem. Xylem parenchyma is composed of simple parenchyma cells found in xylem. These are connected with tracheids or vessels through simple or bordered pits. Their function is to store food material.
    Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology - Being Alive - Tissues 1

Solution 4:
Phloem is a complex plant tissue found in all parts of the plant like roots, stems and leaves and is mainly responsible for the conduction of organic food prepared by the plant.
Phloem is made up of four components which are:

  1. Sieve tubes
  2. Companion cells
  3. Phloem parenchyma
  4.  Phloem fibres

PAGE NO : 42

Solution 5:

  1. Tissue is a group of cells of similar structure and function.
  2.  Vascular tissue is the complex plant tissue in higher plants that is composed of xylem and phloem and is concerned with conducting water, minerals and organic food throughout the plant body.
  3. Meristematic tissue is a group of cells which constantly divide and produce cells indefinitely throughout the life of the plant.
  4. Permanent tissue refers to a group of cells which temporarily or permanently cease to divide and thus assume permanent form and function

Solution 6:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology - Being Alive - Tissues 2
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology - Being Alive - Tissues 3

Solution 7:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology - Being Alive - Tissues 4
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology - Being Alive - Tissues 5
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology - Being Alive - Tissues 6

Solution 8:
There are two main types of epithelial tissues. These are:

(a) Simple and
(b) Compound

Simple epithelial tissue is further divided into six sub-groups which are:

  • Columnar epithelium
  • Ciliated epithelium
  • Cuboidal epithelium
  •  Squamous epithelium
  • Glandular epithelium
  • Sensory epithelium

Compound epithelial tissue is of two types:

  1. Stratified epithelium
  2. Transitional epithelium

Functions of epithelial tissue are:

  •  It forms a protective layer over the body and protects the underlying cells from drying up, injury, germs and harmful chemicals.
  •  It absorbs water and other nutrients inside the body.
  • Some of these cells secrete ear wax, mucus, milk and digestive juices.

Solution 9:
Nerve cell or neuron is a cell of the nervous system, capable of transmitting signals or impulses within the body. Each neuron consists of a cell body or cyton with a nucleus and elongated hair like extensions called axons and dendrites.
Nervous tissue is found in brain, spinal cord and nerves and carries out transmission of signals or impulses within the body.

Solution 10:
Blood is called a tissue since it contains many blood cells i.e. RBCs, WBCs and platelets working together to perform a common function. Blood connects the body systems together bringing the needed oxygen, nutrients, hormones and other signaling molecules, and removing the wastes.

Solution 11:
(i) Epithelial tissue:
Structure: The cells of epithelium are compactly placed, tightly held together and form a continuous sheet. Epithelial cells are supported below on a basement membrane. These cells may be of different shapes and sizes.
Types:
There are two main types of epithelial tissues which are:
(a) Simple and
(b) Compound
Functions:
(i) It forms a protective layer over the body and protects the underlying cells from drying up, injury, germs and harmful chemicals.
(ii) It absorbs water and other nutrients inside the body.
(iii) Some of these cells secrete ear wax, mucus, milk and digestive juices.
(ii) Muscular tissue:
Structure – Muscle tissue consists of cells which are elongated and large-sized, hence they are also called muscle fibres. These fibres are of various sizes. Contractile proteins are present in the muscle cells which bring about their contraction and relaxation. The cytoplasm of muscle fibre is called sarcoplasm and is bounded by a membrane called sarcolemma.
Types: Muscle tissue is of three types:

  1. Striated muscle tissue
  2.  Unstriated muscle tissue
  3.  Cardiac muscle tissue

Functions –

  1. Muscles bring about all voluntary movements done by a person.
  2.  All the involuntary movements needed to keep the body alive are possible due to muscles.
  3.  Connective tissue

Structure – This tissue has homogenous matrix which forms its main bulk. The connective tissue cells are living, separated from each other and are few in number. The matrix varies in size and shape and may be solid, gel like or liquid. The nature of the matrix decides the function of the connective tissue.
Types –
The following are the different types of connective tissue:
(a) Loose areolar connective tissue
(b) Fibrous connective tissue
(c) Cartilage connective tissue
(d) Bone
(e) Fluid connective tissue
Functions –
(i) Connective tissue connects and binds various organs of our body.
(ii) It gives support to the body and forms the skeleton to provide a definite shape.
(iii) It transports nutrients, hormones, oxygen and waste material within the body.
(iv) Nervous tissue:
Structure – The cells of nervous tissue is called neuron. It is capable of transmitting signals or impulses within the body. Each neuron consists of a cell body or cyton with a nucleus and elongated hair like extensions called axons and dendrites. Axons bundle together to form the nerve.
Functions – Nervous tissue is found in brain, spinal cord and nerves. It carries out transmission of signals or impulses within the body.

Solution 12:
(a) – (v)
(b) – (i)
(c) – (iv)
(d) – (ii)
(e) – (vi)
(f) – (iii)

Solution 13:

  1. Nervous tissue
  2.  Cardiac muscle tissue
  3. Adipose tissue
  4.  Xylem
  5. Phloem

Solution 14:
The three kinds of muscles found in human body are:

  1.  Striated muscle – An example is leg muscle
  2. Unstriated muscle – An example is muscles in walls of uterus
  3.  Cardiac muscle – An example is heart muscle

Solution 15:

  1. Tissue
  2. Unicellular organism
  3.  Organ

Solution 16:

  1. Stratified epithelial tissue
  2.  Apical meristem
  3. Ligament
  4. Ciliated epithelium
  5. Cuboidal epithelium

Solution 17:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology - Being Alive - Tissues 7

Solution 18:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology - Being Alive - Tissues 8
Solution 19:

  1.  False
  2.  True
  3.  False
  4.  True
  5. True
  6.  True

Solution 20:

  1. (b) sclerenchyma
  2. (c) tissue
  3. (d) tracheid
  4. (b) thin walled and living
  5. (d) dicot stems
  6. (b) phloem
  7. (a) blood devoid of RBCs
  8. (a) one bone to another
  9. (d) striated and involuntary
  10. (a) vascular connective tissue

BiologyChemistryPhysicsMaths

Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology – Being Alive – The Cell- A unit of Life

by

Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology – Being Alive – The Cell- A unit of Life

PAGE NO : 25

Solution 1:
All living organisms are made up of cells. Cells are the building blocks of all organisms and they give structural and functional stability to the organisms. All the metabolic processes needed to keep an organism alive occur at the cellular level. Hence cell is said to be the basic unit of life.

Solution 2:
In 1839, M.J. Schleiden and T. Schwann proposed the cell theory. This was further expanded by Virchow in 1858. The main features of the cell theory as known at present are:

  1.  All living organisms are composed of cell. Hence cell is the structural unit of living organisms.
  2.  All cells arise from pre-existing cells of the similar kind by cell division.
  3. The chemical composition and metabolism of all cells is basically alike.

Solution 3:
Cell is the smallest structural and functional unit of all living organisms and is a membrane bound structure enclosing the protoplasm.
The two types of cells are:

  1.  Prokaryotic cells – These cells lack a well-organised nucleus and membrane bound organelles. They are usually found in unicellular organisms, which are referred to as prokaryotes. Example of prokaryotes are bacteria and blue-green algae.
  2. Eukaryotic cells – These cells possess a well-organised nucleus and membrane bound organelles. Organisms made up of eukaryotic cells are called eukaryotes. Examples of eukaryotes are plants and animals.

Solution 4:
The organelles present in a typical cell are:

  1.  Mitochondria
  2.  Endoplasmic reticulum
  3. Plastid
  4.  Golgi body
  5.  Vacuoles
  6.  Lysosomes
  7.  Centrosomes
    (Write any 5)

Solution 5:
(a) Robert Hooke discovered and named cells.
(b) Virchow stated that new cells originate only from pre-existing cells (omnis cellula e cellula).
(c) Schleiden found that all plant cells have essentially similar structure.
(d) Schwann observed that all animal cells are basically similar and lack cell wall.

Solution 6:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology - Being Alive - The Cell- A unit of Life 1

Solution 7:
(a) Mitochondria – It is the powerhouse of the cell and provides energy for carrying out all the vital life activities of the cell.
(b) Ribosomes – It is the site of protein synthesis.
(c) Cell membrane – It gives definite shape to the cell, protects the internal cell contents and allows entry and exit of specific substances into and out of the cell.

PAGE NO : 26

Solution 8:
Plastids are self-replicating organelles present only in plant cells and absent in animal cells. They are of three types:

  1. Chloroplast – Green coloured plastids (due to presence of chlorophyll)
  2. Chromoplast– Coloured plastids (except green colour)
  3. Leucoplast – Colourless plastids

The main functions of plastids are:

  1. Chloroplasts trap solar energy and use it to synthesize carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water by the process of photosynthesis.
  2. Chromoplasts attract insects and other animals to ensure pollination and dispersal of fruits.
  3. Leucoplasts store starch, proteins or lipids in cell.
    (Write any 2 functions)

Solution 9:
During starvation, lysosomes burst and release their powerful enzymes, which act on their own cellular organelles and digest them. This results in cell death. Hence lysosomes are called suicidal bags.

Solution 10:
ER – Endoplasmic Reticulum
SER – Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
RER – Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Solution 11:
Mitochondria contains enzymes necessary for the oxidation of carbohydrates and release energy needed for all vital life activities in the form of ATP. Hence they are called powerhouses of the cell.

Solution 12:
Nucleus controls all the metabolic activities of the cell. It regulates cell division. Without nucleus, the cell dies and it cannot divide. Hence nucleus is the controller of cell.

Solution 13:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology - Being Alive - The Cell- A unit of Life 2

Solution 14:
(a) Chloroplasts are the kitchens of the cell. They trap solar energy and use it to synthesize carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water by the process of photosynthesis.
(b) Chromosomes are the hereditary material of the nucleus, concerned with the transmission of hereditary traits from parents to offspring.
(c) Endoplasmic Reticulum increases the surface area of the cytoplasm for different metabolic activities of the cell.

Solution 15:
(a) Acetabularia
(b) Deoxyribonucleic acid
(c) Theory
(d) Ostrich
(e) Nucleus

Solution 16:
Platform or work place for synthesis of proteins – Ribosomes
Power house of cells – Mitochondria
Help in formation of cell plate during cell division – Golgi complex
Site for photosynthesis – Chloroplast
Control tower of cell – Nucleus
Structure bearing genes – Chromosomes

Solution 17:
a – Cell membrane
b – Nucleus
c – Chromatin
d – Nuclear membrane
e – SER
f – Mitochondria
g – Golgi vesicles
h – Golgi complex
i – RER
j – Ribosomes

Solution 18:
(a) Robert Hooke
(b) Schleiden and Schwann
(c) Nerve cell
(d) Fibres of ramie
(e) ATP
(f) The cell of Mycoplasma laidlawii
(g) Cell lacking a well-organised nucleus and membrane bound organelles is called prokaryotic cell.

PAGE NO : 27

Solution 19:
a – Plasmodesmata
b – Nucleolus
c – Mitochondria
d – Golgi apparatus
e – Chloroplast
f – cell membrane
g – cell membrane
h – ER
i – Microtubule

Solution 20:

  1. (d) cells are functional and structural unit of plants and animals
  2. (a) DNA
  3. (c) plastid
  4. (a) nucleus membrane
  5. (b) Altman
  6. (b) Robert Hooke
  7. (a) Robert Hooke

BiologyChemistryPhysicsMaths

Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology – Being Alive – What is its Meaning?

by

Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology – Being Alive – What is its Meaning?

PAGE NO : 13

Solution 1:
Characteristics of living organisms are:

  1.  All living organisms exhibit a definite shape and size. For example – Mango trees can be identified among all the other tress. Also tigers can be identified among other animals.
  2. All living beings show some type of body organization. Their body may be made of one cell in case of unicellular organisms or many cells in case of multicellular organisms. In multicellular organisms, cells are further organized into tissues, organs and organ systems.
  3.  Living organisms show autotrophic or heterotrophic modes of nutrition.
  4. All living organisms respire continuously. During respiration, most organisms use up oxygen from environment and release carbon dioxide. This oxygen oxidizes food materials to release energy which is used to carry out the various life processes of the organism.
  5.  In all living organisms, many chemical processes occur in order to maintain life and this is called metabolism. Some of these processes are constructive called anabolic processes whereas others are destructive called catabolic processes.
  6.  All living organisms show the characteristic feature of growth. From a small size at birth, living organisms grow due to formation of new cells and building up of protoplasm within cells. Example – A seedling growing into a small plant and then into a big tree.
  7. Reproduction helps in producing offsprings similar to parents and thus helps in maintaining continuity of race.
  8. All living organisms show some form of movement or another. This may be movement of the entire body from one place to another as seen in most animals, few plants and certain plant organs, or movement of a part of the body only.
  9. All living organisms excrete waste products of metabolism from their body.
  10. Every living organism shows a definite life-cycle including four stages i.e. birth, growth, maturity and death. Every living organism has a definite life-span.

Solution 2:
Organisms capable of performing all the vital activities of life like nutrition, growth, respiration, digestion and excretion etc. are called living organisms. Example – man, bird, fish, trees.
Things which do not perform any vital life activities are called non-living things. Example – pen, table, stone, water, car etc. Non-living things require external energy for their movement (car, train etc.) or addition of particles from outside for increase in size (eg. increase in size of alum crystals in their concentrated solutions).
Growing of the crystal of copper sulphate is not a living character. This is because the increase in its size is due to deposition of new material externally and not from within. This is known as extrinsic growth. In living organisms, growth occurs due to formation of new cells and building up of protoplasm within cells.

Solution 3:
A motor car requires external energy for its movement and also it does not perform the vital life activities on its own, hence it is not a living organism. A living organism has internal energy which is used for carrying out all its vital life activities.

Solution 4:
(a) Irritability is a feature shown by living beings, but not non-living things. It refers to the ability of the organism to respond in accordance with internal or external environmental stimuli. Irritability is well-developed in animals due to the evolution of nervous system. An example is the immediate removal of hand from a hot object. Irritability is also shown by plants but it is not very prominent.

(b) Metabolism – In all living organisms, many chemical processes occur constantly in order to maintain life and this is called metabolism. Metabolism includes two types of processes i.e. constructive and destructive. Only living organisms show metabolism.

(c) Respiration – All living organisms respire continuously. During respiration, most organisms use up oxygen from environment and release carbon dioxide.

(d) Cellular structure -All living organisms are made up of one or many cells. Each cell contains protoplasm wherein all the life activities are carried out. Protoplasm is surrounded by a thin, elastic plasma membrane. Plant cells possess an additional cell wall to provide rigidity to the cells.

(e) Growth – All living organisms show the characteristic feature of growth.From a small size at birth, living organisms grow due to formation of new cells and building up of protoplasm within cells. Example – A seedling growing into a small plant and then into a big tree.

Solution 5:
The characters of living organisms are:

  1. Growth
  2.  Reproduction
  3. Metabolism
  4. Respiration
  5. Nutrition
  6.  Movement and locomotion
  7. Definite form and size
  8.  Reproduction
  9.  Excretion
  10.  Irritability
    (Write any four)

Solution 6:
A rolling stone just rolls down due to gravitational force acting on it. It will stop rolling once it reaches a hurdle or plain ground. Then it cannot roll or move on its own. It needs some external force to cause its movement. Hence it is a non-living object. A living organism would be able to move by itself using its own energy, without depending on external force.

Solution 7:
Living – Egg, protoplasm, cactus, flower, seed
Non-living – Table, glass, iron, car, nail
Dead – Coral, leather, cork

Solution 8:
Examples of movement in living things –

  • Running of a lion
  •  Drooping of leaves

Examples of movement in non-living things –

  • Running of train or car
  • Rolling down of a stone

Solution 9:
(a) Life is the condition that distinguishes organisms from inorganic objects and dead organisms.
(b) Death is the cessation of all life activities in a living being due to weakening and losing of energy from them after completing their life span
(c) Locomotion is the movement of the entire organism from one place to another.
(d) Reproduction is the ability of living organisms to produce young ones that are similar to parents.

Solution 10:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology - Being Alive - What is its Meaning 2

Solution 11:
Characteristics of living organisms are:

  1. (i) All living organisms exhibit a definite shape and size. For example – Mango trees can be identified among all the other tress. Also tigers can be identified among other animals.
  2. All living beings show some type of body organization. Their body may be made of one cell in case of unicellular organisms or many cells in case of multicellular organisms. In multicellular organisms, cells are further organized into tissues, organs and organ systems.
  3. Living organisms show autotrophic or heterotrophic modes of nutrition.
  4. All living organisms respire continuously. During respiration, most organisms use up oxygen from environment and release carbon dioxide. This oxygen oxidizes food materials to release energy which is used to carry out the various life processes of the organism.
  5. In all living organisms, many chemical processes occur in order to maintain life and this is called metabolism. Some of these processes are constructive called anabolic processes whereas others are destructive called catabolic processes.
  6.  All living organisms show the characteristic feature of growth. From a small size at birth, living organisms grow due to formation of new cells and building up of protoplasm within cells. Example – A seedling growing into a small plant and then into a big tree.
  7.  Reproduction helps in producing offsprings similar to parents and thus helps in maintaining continuity of race.
  8.  All living organisms show some form of movement or another. This may be movement of the entire body from one place to another as seen in most animals, few plants and certain plant organs, or movement of a part of the body only.
  9. All living organisms excrete waste products of metabolism from their body.
  10.  Every living organism shows a definite life-cycle including four stages i.e. birth, growth, maturity and death. Every living organism has a definite life-span.

PAGE NO : 14

Solution 12:

  1. (a) Protoplasm
  2. (b) Dried bone
  3. (a) Living
  4.  (d) The capacity to respond to the stimuli
  5. (a) Cell
  6. (c) Reproduction

BiologyChemistryPhysicsMaths

Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology – An Introduction

by

Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology – An Introduction

PAGE NO : 6

Solution 1:
Biology is the branch of science dealing with the study of living organisms.
The two main branches of Biology are Botany and Zoology.

Solution 2:

Biology is the branch of science dealing with the study of living organisms including their structure, evolution, growth and environment.
Biology is important in our daily life in the following ways:

  1. Food – Study of various food components helps in understanding balanced diet and its significance. We get food directly or indirectly through agriculture, which is helped by the studies of different branches of Biology.
  2. Health – Biology helps us to understand structure and functions of our various body parts as well the various diseases that we suffer from and their cure.
  3. Agriculture – Biology helps us to increase the overall agricultural production by providing knowledge about new methods of farming, improved seed varieties and crop protection against many diseases.
  4.  Clothes – Materials for making clothes like wool, fur and silk are obtained from animals whereas cotton is obtained from plants. Biology deals with these animals and plants.
  5.  Industry – Many industries are based on animal and plant products like leather, horn, shells, honey, wax, pearl, wood, rubber etc. Increased manufacture of these products can be achieved using the knowledge of Biology.
  6. Human Diseases – Many animals cause and transmit diseases. Also many animals are used for testing new drugs before use on humans. The tremendous advances in human physiology, medicine and surgery have come from the study of zoology.
  7. Aesthetic value – We keep many animals like birds, fishes and butterflies for entertainment and hobby. Visiting gardens and parks also gives us aesthetic pleasure. Biology helps in the study of these animals and plants to provide us better aesthetic value.
  8.  Improvement of domestic animals – Raising improved breeds of domestic animals gives better yields and this is made possible by zoology and genetics.
  9. Space research – Biology helps in man’s quest of knowing about extra terrestrial life.

Solution 3:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology - An Introduction 1

Solution 4:
Study of Biology is advantageous to us in many ways. These are:

  1.  It helps us to understand ourselves better such as our body activities, our hereditary, our evolution, need for food, life and death etc.
  2.  It helps us to remain healthy and fit by knowing our body structure and functioning.
  3.  It tells us about the types of human diseases and their causes. It also helps in the prevention and cure of human diseases.
  4.  Biology ensures maximum utilization of resources available to us such as increasing crop production, improving breeds of useful animals, using microbes in food, industry and medicine, curing diseases and overall improving the quality of life.
  5.  It informs us about the negative consequences of excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides like degradation of soil quality and harming living beings including humans through food chains.
  6. Biology tells us about the problems of deforestation and its effects on the environment.
  7. It makes us aware about the causes and harmful effects of pollution and ways of controlling it.
  8. Biology stresses the need for conservation of natural resources, so that they are available to future generations.
  9. It informs us about our responsibility towards other forms of life and our planet at large, for sustainable living.
  10.  It makes us aware of the need to maintain the delicately balanced ecosystem containing various food chains and food webs.
  11. Biology solves many problems facing mankind such as eradication of fatal diseases, decreasing environmental pollution, increasing food supply, recharging fresh water resources etc.

Solution 5:
The five main branches of Biology are:

  1. Zoology – It is the study of animals
  2.  Botany – It refers to the study of plants
  3.  Microbiology – It refers to the study of microorganisms
  4.  Ecology– It deals with the study of relationship between living organisms and their environment.
  5. Pathology– It deals with the study of different types of plant and animal diseases.

Solution 6:
Zoology is the branch of Biology dealing with the study of animals.
Botany is the branch of Biology dealing with the study of plants.

Solution 7:

  •  Morphology is the study of the form and structure of living organisms.
  •  The study of tissues of organisms with the help of microscopes is called histology.
  • Ecology is the branch of biology dealing with the study and relationship of environment with living organisms and its effect on structure, distribution and habitat.
  • Genetics is defined as the study of heredity and inheritance.
  • Biochemistry is the study of the metabolic activities of chemical materials.
  • Pathology is the branch of Biology dealing with the study of different types of plant and animal diseases, their symptoms, causative agents and methods of control.

Solution 8:

  • Paleontology / Palaeobiology
  •  The Greek philosopher, Aristotle
  •  Lamarck and Treviranus coined the term Biology in 1801.
  •  Ecology
  • Teratology
  • Theophrastus

PAGE NO : 6

Solution 9:
Physiology – Vital activities
Microbiology – Microbes
Embryology – Life-cycle
Entomolgy – Insects
Cytology – Cells
Histology – Tissues

Solution 10:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology - An Introduction 2

Solution 11:
Areas of Biology which have developed recently are:

  1. Enzymology
  2.  Immunology
  3.  Genetic Engineering
  4.  Radiation Biology
  5. Forensic Science
  6. Biophysics
  7. Cybernetics
    (Write any three)

Solution 12:

  1. (b) All living beings
  2. (b) Cell, tissue, organ system
  3. (a) Lamarck and Treviranus
  4.  (c) respire all the time
  5. (b) genetics

BiologyChemistryPhysicsMaths