Selina ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology

Selina Concise Biology Class 9 ICSE Solutions Five Kingdom Classification

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Selina Concise Biology Class 9 ICSE Solutions Five Kingdom Classification

APlusTopper.com provides step by step solutions for Selina Concise ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology Chapter 8 Five Kingdom Classification. You can download the Selina Concise Biology ICSE Solutions for Class 9 with Free PDF download option. Selina Publishers Concise Biology for Class 9 ICSE Solutions all questions are solved and explained by expert teachers as per ICSE board guidelines.

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Selina ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology Chapter 8 Five Kingdom Classification

Exercise 1

Solution A.

  1. (d) vertebrates and invertebrates
  2. (d) Bat, Parrot, Oyster – Vertebrates
  3. (c) Rana tigrina
  4. (d) Mule is neither a donkey nor a horse.

Solution B.1.

Carolus Linnaeus had introduced the binomial system of naming living beings.

Solution B.2.

The two characters common to dog, humans, squirrel, bat, camel and monkey are:
(c ) external ears
(d) give birth to young ones

Solution B.3.

Column I Column II
1.Pine

(iv) Gymnosperm
(v) Plantae
2. Earthworm (vi) Animalia
3. Bread mould (i) Fungi
4. Amoeba (vii) Protista
5. Moss

(v) Plantae
(viii) Bryophyta
6.Bacteria

(ii) Monera
(iii) Prokaryote

Solution C.1.

Phylum → Class → Order → Family → Genus → Species

Solution C.2.

Man Domestic cat Peepal tree
Homo sapiens Felis domesticus Ficus religiosa 

Solution C.3.

In science, people from different countries with different languages have to read about each others research. So, it was necessary to eliminate any possible confusion created by local names. Scientific names are based on certain rules which are universal. They are unique and can be used to identify an organism anywhere around the world. That is why, scientific names of living beings are considered better than their common names.

Solution C.4.

According to the ‘Two-Kingdom Classification’, proposed by Carolus Linnaeus in 1758, living organisms were classified into two broad kingdoms, Plants and Animals.
The drawbacks in classifying organisms under the old two kingdom classification are:

  1. Bacteria were kept in Kingdom Plantae. These organisms have no chlorophyll and do not carry out photosynthesis. Bacteria do not have a definite nucleus nor a nuclear membrane nor chromosomes.
  2. Fungi were kept in Kingdom Plantae. Bread mould is a multicellular fungi. However, it does not possess roots, stem and leaves, lacks chlorophyll and does bear any flowers, fruits and seeds like plants.

Solution C.5.

Species means an organism of a particular kind whose members can interbreed among themselves to produce fertile young ones.
All humans on the earth today may differ widely in their facial features, colour, height, etc. Yet, they belong to a single species Homo sapiens because they can interbreed among themselves and produce a normal offpsring.

Solution C.6.

Ficus religiosa (Peepal)
Zea mays (Maize)
Bombyx mori (Silkmoth)

Solution C.7.

The five kingdoms according to the new classification are:

  1. Kingdom Monera
  2. Kingdom Protista
  3. Kingdom Fungi
  4. Kingdom Plantae
  5. Kingdom Animalia

Solution C.8.

(a) Animals with a backbone: Vertebrata
(b) Animals with a hairy skin: Mammalia
(c ) Animals with three pairs of legs: Insecta
(d) Animals with feathers: Aves

Solution C.9.

Invertebrate animals:

  1. Housefly
  2. Silverfish
  3. Jellyfish
  4. Sponge

Solution C.10.

(a) Protozoa and Metazoa

Protozoa Metazoa
Unicellular organisms Multi-cellular organisms

(b) Vertebrate and Invertebrate

Vertebrates Invertebrates
Have their unique backbone with the spinal cord Do not have a backbone

(c) Insecta and Arachnida

Insecta Arachnida
Have three pairs of legs Have four pairs of legs

(d) Flatworm and Roundworm

Flatworm Roundworm
Dorso-ventrally flattened Cylindrical in shape and are tapered at both ends

Solution C.11.

(i) Amoeba – Nucleus, tentacle, food vacuole
(ii) Hydra – Invertebrata, Cnidaria, Crustacea
(iii) Fish – Gills, paired fins, ear drum
(iv) Earthworm – Invertebrata, Annelida, Insecta
(v) Grasshopper – Wings, trachea, proboscis
(vi) Butterfly – Insecta, Invertebrata, Mollusca
(vii) Whale – Gills, mammary glands, fat under the skin
(viii) Pigeon – Feathers, wings, hair
(ix) Monkey – External ear, sweat glands, lateral line
(x) Bat – Aves, Mammalia, Chordata

Solution C.12.

Cold-blooded animals Warm-blooded animals
These animals cannot maintain their body temperature. Their body temperature is regulated by the external environment. Animals whose body temperature is kept relatively constant by internal mechanisms.
E.g. Insects, Amphibians E.g. Birds, Mammals

Solution C.13.

  1. Class Amphibia: Tree frog
  2. Class Reptilia: Cobra
  3. Class Aves: Duck

Solution D.1.

(a) Insects and Birds

Similarity Difference
Have wings Insects Birds
Invertebrates Vertebrates

(b) Whales and Fishes

Similarity Difference
Aquatic Whales Fishes
Have lungs for breathing Have gills for breathing

(c) Snakes and Earthworms

Similarity Difference
Do not have any limbs Snakes Earthworm
Vertebrates Invertebrates

(d) Bat and Pigeon

Similarity Difference
Breathe through lungs Bat Pigeon
Have external ears Have internal ears

(e) Cuttlefish and Dogfish

Similarity Difference
Marine animals Cuttlefish Dogfish
Invertebrates Vertebrates

(f) Wall lizard and Frog

Similarity Difference
Cold-blooded animals Wall lizard Frog
Completely adapted to life on land Live partly on land and partly in water

Solution D.2.

Column I Column II
Annelida Earthworm
Porifera Sponge
Mollusca Octopus
Reptilia Snake
Pisces Trout
Mammal Rabbit

Amphibia from Column I and Pigeon from column II are left out. They do not match as Pigeon comes under Class Aves and not Class Amphibia.

Solution E.

No, it is not a relative of Kangaroo as Kangaroo is a mammal and Tyrannosaurus is a reptile.
Characteristics of Tyrannosaurus:

  1. Body has scales which may be horny
  2. Lays eggs which have a leathery shell
  3. One of the dinosaurs which moved on the earth. These ruled the earth. Some were vegetarian, others were non-vegetarian. Archaeopteryx is a link between reptiles and birds. Its fossils have been found, which vanished from the earth due to ice-age.
  4. Had three-chambered heart as ventricles are partially divided
  5. Cold-blooded animals

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Selina Concise Biology Class 9 ICSE Solutions Respiration in Plants

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Selina Concise Biology Class 9 ICSE Solutions Respiration in Plants

APlusTopper.com provides step by step solutions for Selina Concise ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology Chapter 7 Respiration in Plants. You can download the Selina Concise Biology ICSE Solutions for Class 9 with Free PDF download option. Selina Publishers Concise Biology for Class 9 ICSE Solutions all questions are solved and explained by expert teachers as per ICSE board guidelines.

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Selina ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology Chapter 7 Respiration in Plants

Exercise 1

Solution A.

  1. (c) in which glucose is broken down into pyruvate
  2. (b) Stomata and lenticels
  3. (d) Baker’s yeast

Solution B.1.

Respiration is an essential life process for all living organisms. Therefore, plants also respire all day and all night.

Solution B.2.

(a) ATP
(b) Respiration
(c) Fungus
(d) Glycolysis
(e) Oxygen
(f) Soda lime

Solution B.3.

(a) False. Aerobic respiration of one mole of glucose yields 38 ATP.
(b) False. Anaerobic respiration in plants yields ethanol.
(c) True
(d) False. All leaves of a green plant normally respire aerobically at night.

Solution C.1.

The energy liberated in respiration is stored in the form of ATP inside the cells. Some part of it is lost as heat to the surroundings.

Solution C.2.

During day time, both photosynthesis and respiration takes place in green plants. Evolution of CO2 is an indicator to demonstrate respiration in living organisms. CO2 produced during respiration in plants gets utilized during photosynthesis and thus, there is no evolution of CO2. Therefore, it is difficult to demonstrate respiration in green plants as there is no evolution of CO2 during day time.

Solution C.3.

Respiration is said to be the reverse of photosynthesis due to the following reasons:

  1. In respiration, the organic food is broken down into its inorganic compounds, i.e., CO2 and H2O, while in photosynthesis the organic food is synthesized from its inorganic components, i.e., CO2 and H2O.
  2. In respiration, CO2 is given out, while in photosynthesis CO2 is consumed.
  3. In respiration, O2 is consumed, while in photosynthesis O2 is released or evolved.
  4. In respiration, energy is liberated, while in photosynthesis energy is absorbed.

Solution C.4.

illing makes the soil porous and airy. The underground parts of the plants get sufficient amount of oxygen for respiration. In this way, tilling helps the crops to grow faster.

Solution C.5.

ATP: Adenosine triphosphate
ADP: Adenosine diphosphate

Solution C.6.

Cell respiration cannot occur in any organism at a temperature of about 65°C because the enzymes involved in respiration become inactivated at high temperatures.

Solution C.7.

(a) Lenticels
(b) Cytoplasm
(c) Glucose
(d) Photosynthesis, respiration
(e) Pyrogallate of potash
(f) KOH (caustic potash)

Solution D.1.

Oxidation of organic food particularly carbohydrates in living cells to release energy is called respiration.

Similarities between respiration and burning:

  1. Both require oxygen
  2. Both produce energy
  3. Both result in the formation of CO2 and water

Differences between respiration and burning: 

Respiration Burning
1. Occurs in a series of chemical steps 1. Occurs in a single step
2. Carried out by enzymes 2. Carried out by heat
3. Biochemical process 3. Physico-chemical process
4. Energy is liberated in the form of ATP and some heat 4. Energy is liberated in the form of heat and light
5. No light energy is produced 5. Light energy is produced
6. Cellular process 6. Non-cellular process
7. Occurs at body temperature 7. Occurs at high temperature (at ignition point)
8. No supply of heat energy is required 8. Supply of heat energy is required
9. The organic compound is oxidized to carbon dioxide and water. 9. The organic compound initially chars and later burns, producing a flame.

Solution D.2.

Difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration in plants: 

Aerobic respiration in plants Anaerobic respiration in plants
1. Also called oxybiotic respiration 1. Also called anoxybiotic respiration
2. Proceeds in the presence of oxygen 2. Proceeds in the absence of oxygen
3. Occurs in mitochondria 3. Occurs in cytoplasm
4. Complete breakdown of glucose 4. Incomplete breakdown of glucose
5. End-products are carbon dioxide and water 5. End-products are ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide
6. Large quantity of energy is liberated (38ATP) from one mole of glucose 6. Small quantity of energy is liberated (2ATP) from one mole of glucose
7. Occurs normally throughout the life 7. Occurs temporarily for short periods

Solution D.3.

(a) Experiment demonstrating that germinating seeds produce heat.

  1. Take two thermos flasks ‘A’ and ‘B’.
  2. Take about 200 bean or pea seeds and soak them in water for more than 24 hours.
  3. Divide the seeds into two equal groups. Kill one group of seeds by boiling them and then, wash them with dilute formalin to prevent bacterial decay. Place the live germinating seeds in flask A and the killed one in flask B.
  4. Insert a thermometer in each of the flasks and plug their mouths with cotton wool. Note the initial reading in the thermometer.
  5. After few hours, the thermometer in flask A will show a higher reading indicating that the germinating seeds produce heat. There will not be any rise in the temperature of flask B.
    Selina Concise Biology Class 9 ICSE Solutions Respiration in Plants 1

(b) Experiment demonstrating that germinating seeds give out carbon dioxide.

  1. Take two flasks ‘A’ and’ B’.
  2. Place some wet cotton wool at the bottom of both the flasks.
  3. Place some soaked seeds of pea in flask A and an equal number of boiled or dead seeds in flask B. Add some carbolic acid to flask B to prevent the growth of bacteria on dead seeds.
  4. Cork the flasks and keep them undisturbed for few days.
  5. After few days, the seeds in flask A will have germinated and the seeds in flask B do not show any signs of germination.
  6. The gases in each of the flasks are then tested by removing the cork and tilting the flask over a test tube containing limewater and then shaking up the test tube.
  7. The expected CO2 present in flask A will turn limewater milky showing that germinating seeds give out CO2, while the gas in flask B will show no effect on limewater.
    Selina Concise Biology Class 9 ICSE Solutions Respiration in Plants 2

(c) Experiment demonstrating that germinating seeds can respire even in total absence of air.

  1. Take few soaked and peeled off pea seeds and push them into the mouth of a test tube filled with mercury and inverted in a beaker of mercury. The seeds will float to the top and will be completely surrounded by mercury.
  2. After few days, the level of mercury falls and the presence of some gas in the test tube can be detected.
  3. Add some KOH to the test tube. The gas present in the test tube will be absorbed and the level of mercury will again rise showing that the gas was CO2. Hence, we can prove that germinating seeds respire even in the total absence of air.
    Selina Concise Biology Class 9 ICSE Solutions Respiration in Plants 3

Solution D.4.

(a) Lenticels help the stem to participate in respiration.
(b) Stomata help the leaves to participate in respiration.
(c) Root hairs help the roots to participate in respiration.

Solution E.1.

(a) Five flasks (A-E) are having different plant parts for observation.

(b) Limewater absorbs CO2 present in the flasks. If CO2 is produced, limewater turns milky.

(c) All the five flasks (A-E) containing plant parts will show respiration and thus, the tubes containing limewater will turn milky. The flask F does not contain any plant part. So, there is no respiration and hence, there is no change.

(d) Set-up F acts as a control for the experiment, where all the conditions are similar except for the plant part, which is missing.

(e) It can be concluded from this experiment that CO2 is produced during respiration.

Solution E.2.

(i) (a) 6H2O (b) C2H5OH
(ii) (a) Aerobic respiration; (b) Anaerobic respiration
(iii) Reaction (a) can be completed only in the presence of oxygen, while reaction (b) can be completed in the absence of oxygen.

Solution E.3.

(a) Potassium hydroxide solution is kept in test tube X and Y to check the presence of CO2, as KOH can absorb CO2, if it is produced.

(b) When the process of respiration takes place in test tube X, the O2 present in the test tube is consumed. The CO2 produced due to respiration is absorbed by the KOH present in the test tube. Hence, a space is developed due to consumption of oxygen and hence, the coloured water rises in tubing 1.

(c) In test tube Y, boiled peas soaked in disinfectant are kept because the boiled seeds are dead and cannot respire. Therefore, the process of respiration does not take place in test tube Y.

(d) Respiration is the cause of the above rise.

(e) The catabolic process of releasing energy from simple sugars for carrying out life processes is called respiration.

Solution E.4.

(a) The experiment was set up to study that CO2 is given off from living plant material which performs respiration.

(b) Soda lime is kept in bottle ‘A’ so as to check the (presence of) passage of CO2 present in bottle ‘B’. This is because soda lime has a tendency to absorb CO2 present in air.

The limewater present in bottle ‘B’ shows that no CO2 is entering bottle C with the air passing through bottle C.

(c) The bottle ‘D’ having limewater will show that CO2 is produced due to respiration taking place in bottle ‘C’ having germinating seeds in it. Due to the CO2 produced in bottle C, the limewater turns milky, which passes through bottle ‘D’.

(d) C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38ATP (Energy)

(e) The bottle ‘C’ when covered with black cloth will have no scope for photosynthesis. Hence, only the process of respiration can be observed.

(f) By introducing a thermometer in bottle ‘C’, the change in temperature is checked or observed. If respiration takes place, there will be a rise in temperature and if there is no rise in temperature, no respiration occurs. Therefore, a three-holed rubber stopper and a thermometer were introduced.

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Selina Concise Biology Class 9 ICSE Solutions Seeds: Structure and Germination

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Selina Concise Biology Class 9 ICSE Solutions Seeds: Structure and Germination

APlusTopper.com provides step by step solutions for Selina Concise ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology Chapter 6 Seeds: Structure and Germination. You can download the Selina Concise Biology ICSE Solutions for Class 9 with Free PDF download option. Selina Publishers Concise Biology for Class 9 ICSE Solutions all questions are solved and explained by expert teachers as per ICSE board guidelines.

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Selina ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology Chapter 6 Seeds: Structure and Germination

Exercise 1

Solution A.

  1. (c) Maize grain ______ coleoptile
  2. (d) do not get enough oxygen

Solution B.1.

(a) F (False). Monocotyledonous seeds contain one cotyledon and dicotyledonous seeds contain two cotyledons.
(b) T (True)
(c) T (True)
(d) T (True)

Solution B.2.

(a) Maize
(b) Pyrogallic acid
(c) Shoot
(d) Rhizophora
(e) Aleurone layer
(f) Bean

Solution B.3.

(a) plumule, above
(b) Coleorhiza, coleoptile
(c) seed coat, testa
(d) micropyle
(e) starch

Solution B.4.

(a) Micropyle, 1st male gamete, egg cell, zygote, embryo
(b) Allogamy, fusion of gametes, zygote, embryo, seed
(c) Seed coat bursts, radicle grows downward, hypocotyls form loop above the soil, epicotyls elongate

Solution C.1.

A seed is a mature ovule after fertilization. It contains a tiny living-plant called the embryo. The embryo within the seed remains in an inactive or dormant state, until it is exposed to favourable conditions, when it germinates.

Solution C.2.

Endospermic (albuminous) seeds: E.g. Castor, Maize, Poppy
Non-endospermic (exalbuminous) seeds: E.g. Bean, Gram, Pea

Solution C.3.

Germinated grams are considered highly nutritive because the cotyledon of the seed absorbs food from the endosperm, making it nutritive. It is rich in starch and its outermost layer is rich in protein.

Solution C.4.

Maize grain is actually a fruit in which the fruit wall and the seed coat are fused together to form a protective layer. Therefore, we do not use the terms maize fruit and maize seed. Instead, we call such fruits as grains.

Solution D.1.

(a) Seed coat: It protects the delicate inner parts of the seed from injury and the attack of bacteria, fungi and insects.
(b) Micropyle: During germination, micropyle allows water to enter the seed through its pore.
(c) Cotyledons: They contain food for the embryo.
(d) Radicle: It forms the future root.
(e) Plumule: It forms the future shoot.

Solution D.2.

Aim: To prove that a suitable temperature is necessary for germination.
Apparatus: Two beakers, wet cotton wool, refrigerator
Procedure:

  1. Take two beakers and label them as A and B.
  2. Place some gram seeds on wet cotton wool in each of the beakers.
  3. Keep beaker A at ordinary room temperature and beaker B in the refrigerator.
  4. In 1-2 days, the seeds in beaker A will germinate, showing the importance of a suitable temperature for germination. Seeds in beaker B may not show the signs of germination or may germinate after several days, though not to the extent as the seeds in beaker A.

Inference: Seeds require a suitable temperature for germination.

Solution D.3.

Yes, we call it germination because all the changes leading to the formation of a seedling collectively constitute germination. During germination, either the epicotyl or the hypocotyl elongates.

Solution D.4.

(a) Epigeal germination and Hypogeal germination

Epigeal germination Hypogeal germination
1. Cotyledons are pushed above the ground 1. Cotyledons remain underground
2. Hypocotyl elongates 2. Epicotyl elongates

(b) Coleorhiza and Coleoptile

Coleorhiza  Coleoptile 
1. Protective sheath of radicle 1. Protective sheath of plumule
2. Present towards the pointed end of embryonic region 2. Present towards the upper broader side of the embryonic region

(c) Bean seed and Maize grain

Bean seed Maize grain
1. Two cotyledons 1. One cotyledon
2. No endosperm 2. Large endosperm present

Solution D.5.

Germination Vivipary 
When the embryo in the seed becomes activated and begins to grow into a new plant, then it is known as germination. Vivipary is known as the germination of seed within the fruit, while it is still attached to the parent plant.

Solution D.6.

A fruit is the enlarged ripened ovary in which the ovarian wall forms the fruit wall and encloses the seed. The fruit protects the seed and helps in seed dispersal.
The maize grain is regarded as a ‘one-seeded fruit’ because the fruit wall and the seed coat are fused to form a protective layer. Such a fruit is called grain.

Solution D.7.

Germination of a seed which takes place above the ground is called epigeal germination. In epigeal germination, the hypocotyl grows forming a loop above the soil. It then straightens pushing the cotyledons above the ground.

Solution D.8.

(a) The ‘micropyle’ serves two important functions:

  • Allows absorption of water and makes it available to the embryo for germination.
  • Enables diffusion of respiratory gases for the growing embryo

(b) The embryo of the seed grows into the seedling.
(c) Structure of embryo

(d) The cotyledons of the seed provide nutrition for the growing seedling or the embryo.

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Selina Concise Biology Class 9 ICSE Solutions Health Organisations

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Selina Concise Biology Class 9 ICSE Solutions Health Organisations

APlusTopper.com provides step by step solutions for Selina Concise ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology Chapter 9 Chapter 18 Health Organisations. You can download the Selina Concise Biology ICSE Solutions for Class 9 with Free PDF download option. Selina Publishers Concise Biology for Class 9 ICSE Solutions all questions are solved and explained by expert teachers as per ICSE board guidelines.

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Selina ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology Chapter 18 Health Organisations

Exercise 1

Solution A.

  1. (a) May 8
  2. (c) Geneva

Solution B.1.

Column I
(Activity)		 Column II
(Organisation)
(i) To extend relief to victims of earthquake. Red Cross
(ii) To lay pharmaceutical standards for important drugs. WHO
(iii) Arranging ambulance in emergencies. Red Cross
(iv) To suggest quarantine measures. WHO
(v) Training of midwives. Red Cross
(vi) Procuring and supplying blood for transfusion. Red Cross

Solution B.2.

The headquarters of WHO is located in Geneva.

Solution B.3.

(a) WHO: World Health Organization
(b) UNO: United Nations Organization

Solution C.1.

Health problems in India:

  1. Food- and water-borne diseases:
    Contaminated food and water cause several diseases.
    Water-borne diseases occur due to contaminated water from hand pumps or mixing of untreated sewage with river water. 
  2. Insect- and air-borne diseases:
    Lack of cleanliness leads to breeding of houseflies and mosquitoes which are carriers of certain diseases. 
  3. Lack of medical facilities:
    Lack of medical facilities especially in rural areas leads to unavoidable deaths and damage to health. Lack of knowledge and superstitious beliefs also delay timely treatment which may result in serious consequences. 

Solution C.2.

Functions of WHO:

  1. To promote and support projects for research on diseases
  2. To collect and supply information about the occurrence of diseases of an epidemic nature such as cholera, plague and yellow fever

Solution C.3.

Functions of Red Cross:

  1. To extend relief and help to the victims of any calamity – flood, fire, famine and earthquake
  2. To procure and supply blood for needy victims of war and other calamities
  3. To extend all possible first-aid in an accident
  4. To arrange for ambulance services in emergencies

Solution C.4.

Functions of World Health Organization (WHO):

  1. To promote and support projects for research on diseases
  2. To collect and supply information about the occurrence of diseases of epidemic nature such as cholera, plague and yellow fever
  3. To lay pharmaceutical standards for important drugs, to ensure purity and size of the dose
  4. To organise campaigns for the control of epidemic (widespread) and endemic (local) diseases

Solution D.1.

  • The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialised agency of the United Nations (UN) which is concerned with international public health.
  • It was established on 7 April 1948, with headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland, and is a member of the United Nations Development Group.
  • Member countries of the UNO focused on the need for creating an international body to look after the health problems of the people of the world.
  • This need was particularly felt in the field of research on the causes and cures of diseases.
  • Combined efforts in this direction were to give better and faster results.
  • Poor and developing countries were to benefit quickly.

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Selina Concise Biology Class 9 ICSE Solutions Aids To Health

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Selina Concise Biology Class 9 ICSE Solutions Aids To Health

APlusTopper.com provides step by step solutions for Selina Concise ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology Chapter 9 Chapter 17 Aids To Health. You can download the Selina Concise Biology ICSE Solutions for Class 9 with Free PDF download option. Selina Publishers Concise Biology for Class 9 ICSE Solutions all questions are solved and explained by expert teachers as per ICSE board guidelines.

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Selina ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology Chapter 17 Aids To Health

Exercise 1

Solution A.

  1. (c) An antibiotic
  2. (c) Tetanus
  3. (a) April 7

Solution B.1.

(a) Arsphenamine or Salvarsan
(b) Penicillin
(c) Passive acquired immunity
(d) Antiseptics – Lysol, iodine, boric acid and carbolic acid
Disinfectants – Cresol and phenol
Antibiotics – Ampicillin and penicillin
(e) Oral polio vaccine (OPV)

Solution B.2.

(i) Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome
(ii) Bacillus Calmette Guerin
(iii) Diphtheria, Pertussis and Tetanus
(iv) World Health Organization

Solution B.3.

Antibodies are immunoglobulins which are produced in the blood to fight and destroy harmful microbes.

Solution C.1.

(a) False. Lysol is an antiseptic.
(b) True
(c) False. Our body can make an unlimited variety of different antibodies.
(d) False. Salk’s vaccine is used against poliomyelitis.
(e) False. Treatment by the use of chemicals is known as chemotherapy.
(f) False. Selman Waksman coined the term ‘antibiotic’ for substances like penicillin.

Solution C.2.

(a) Antiseptic is a mild chemical substance which is applied to the body to kill germs, whereas an antibiotic is a chemical substance produced by a microorganism which can kill or inhibit the growth of some other disease-producing microorganisms.

(b) Antiseptic is a mild chemical substance which is applied to the body to kill germs, whereas a disinfectant is a strong chemical applied to spots or places on the body where germs thrive and multiply.

(c) Disinfectant is a strong chemical applied to spots or places on the body where germs thrive and multiply, whereas deodorants are neither antiseptics nor disinfectants; they are aerosols used to mask a bad smell.

(d) Vaccination is the introduction of any kind of dead or weakened germs into the body of a living being to develop immunity (resistance) against a disease, whereas sterilisation is a process of eliminating or killing all the microbes present on a surface, contained in a fluid, in medication or in a compound such as biological culture media.

(e) Active immunity is the immunity developed by an individual due to a previous infection or antigen which enters the body naturally, whereas passive immunity is the immunity provided to an individual from an outside source in the form of ‘readymade’ antibodies.

(f) Innate immunity is the immunity by the virtue of genetic constitutional makeup, i.e. it is inherited from parents. It is present in the body without any external stimulation or a previous infection, whereas acquired immunity is the resistance to a disease which an individual acquires during a lifetime. It may be the result of either a previous infection or from readymade antibodies supplied from outside.

Solution C.3.

(i) TAB vaccine for typhoid
(ii) BCG vaccine for measles
(iii) DTP vaccine for diphtheria, tetanus and whooping cough

Solution C.4.

(a) Lysol, benzoic acid, DDT, mercurochrome
Antiseptics. DDT is a wrong example for this category as it is a disinfectant which is not good for human skin.

(b) Formalin, iodine, lysol, phenol
Disinfectants. Iodine is a wrong example as it is an antiseptic.

(c) BCG, DTP, ATP
Vaccines. ATP is a wrong example as it is an energy carrier in the cells of all known organisms.(d) Tears, skin, nasal secretion, HCl (in stomach)
Germ-killing secretions. Skin is a wrong example as it is a protective mechanical barrier and prevents the entry of germs in our body.

Solution C.5.

Vaccine Disease(s) The Nature of Vaccine
TAB 1. Typhoid 2. Killed germs
Salk’s Vaccine 3. Poliomyelitis 4. Killed germs
BCG 5. Tuberculosis Living weakened germs
Vaccines for Measles Measles 6. Living weakened germs
Cowpox Virus 7. Small pox 8. Living fully poisonous germs
Toxoids 9. Diphtheria Extracts of toxins
10. Tetanus Secreted by bacteria

Solution C.6.

  1. Innate immunity
  2. Acquired immunity
  3. Specific immunity
  4. Active acquired immunity
  5. Passive acquired immunity
  6. Natural acquired active immunity
  7. Artificial acquired active immunity
  8. Natural acquired passive immunity
  9. Artificial acquired passive immunity

Solution C.7.

  1. Antibiotics have a wide use in medicine to fight infections.
  2. Certain antibiotics are used as food preservatives, especially for fresh meat and fish.
  3. Some antibiotics are used in treating animal feed to prevent internal infection.
  4. Some antibiotics are used for controlling plant pathogens.

Solution C.8.

Merits of local defence systems:

  1. Local defence systems start working instantaneously.
  2. These systems are not dependent on previous exposure to infections.
  3. They are effective against a wide range of potentially infectious agents.

Solution C.9.

Diphtheria is a serious bacterial infectious disease. It leads to cold, coughing, sneezing and, in severe cases if undiagnosed, it might result in heart failure or paralysis.
Treatment includes a combination of medications and supportive care. The most important step is prompt intravenous administration of diphtheria toxoid which is made harmless. The harmless toxoid once administered in a patient’s body triggers the production of antibodies against the pathogens causing diphtheria.

Solution C.10.

(a) Bleeding from a cut in the skin:

  • In case of bleeding, raise the affected part to minimise blood flow.
  • Wash the cut surface with clean water.
  • Press the area with a piece of clean cotton and apply some antiseptic.

(b) A fractured arm:

  • Lay the victim comfortably, loosen or remove the clothes from the affected part.
  • Do not move the fractured part.
  • If the affected limb is an arm, then tie a sling around the neck to rest the arm in it.

(c) Stoppage of breathing due to electrical shock:

  • Lay the victim flat on the back and put a pillow or folded towel under the shoulders in a way that the chest is raised and the head thrown back.
  • Hold and draw the arms upwards and backwards. This will cause the chest to expand and draw in air.
  • Next, fold the victim’s arms and press them against the ribs. The air will now be expelled.
  • Repeat the two steps at the rate of about 15 times per minute. Continue till the victim starts breathing without any extra help or till the doctor arrives.

Solution D.1.

  • Vaccination is the practice of artificially introducing germs or the germ substance into the body for developing resistance to particular diseases.
  • Scientifically, this practice is called prophylaxis and the material introduced into the body is called the vaccine.
  • The vaccine or germ substance is introduced into the body usually by injection and sometimes orally (e.g. polio drops).
  • Inside the body, the vaccine stimulates lymphocytes to produce antibodies against the germs for that particular disease.
  • Antibodies are an integral part of our immunity. Their function is to destroy the unwanted particles which enter the body.
  • Vaccines give our immunity a signal to produce specific antibodies. Hence, the principle of vaccination is to produce immunity against a disease.

Solution D.2.

Whenever a germ or infection invades the body, a signal is sent to the immune system to produce specific antibodies. To cope with the number of germs being multiplied inside the body, white blood cells start multiplying rapidly. This enables them to produce more number of antibodies and stop the infection in time. So, abnormally large numbers of WBCs in the blood are usually an indication of some infection in our body.

Solution D.3.

(a) Antiseptics:

Antiseptics are mild chemical substances applied to the body which prevent the growth of some bacteria and destroy others. 
Examples: Lysol and iodine

(b) Disinfectants:

Disinfectants are chemicals which kill microorganisms they come in contact with. Disinfectants are usually too strong to be used on the body.
Examples: Cresol and phenol

(c) Vaccines:

Vaccines are materials administered in the body to provide passive immunity. The materials are generally germs or substances secreted by germs.
Examples: OPV (oral polio vaccine) and DTP (diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis)

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Selina Concise Biology Class 9 ICSE Solutions Diseases: Cause And Control

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Selina Concise Biology Class 9 ICSE Solutions Diseases: Cause And Control

APlusTopper.com provides step by step solutions for Selina Concise ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology Chapter 9 Chapter 16 Diseases: Cause And Control. You can download the Selina Concise Biology ICSE Solutions for Class 9 with Free PDF download option. Selina Publishers Concise Biology for Class 9 ICSE Solutions all questions are solved and explained by expert teachers as per ICSE board guidelines.

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Selina ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology Chapter 16 Diseases: Cause And Control

Exercise 1

Solution A.

  1. (c) pandemic
  2. (d) Bacillus
  3. (d) AIDS
  4. (c) Anopheles mosquito
  5. (d) Entamoeba

Solution B.1.

(a) F (False). Filariasis is transmitted by the Culex mosquito.
(b) T (True)
(c) F (False). BCG vaccine is used for tuberculosis.
(d) F (False). Louis Pasteur discovered a cure for rabies.
(e) F (False). AIDS is caused by a virus.
(f) T (True)
(g) T (True)
(h) F (False). Chicken pox and hepatitis are viral diseases.
(i) T (True)
(j) F (False). AIDS is caused by HIV virus.
(k) T (True)
(l) F (False). Smallpox has been eradicated from India.
(m) F (False). The disease filariasis is caused by the filarial worm Wuchereria bancrofti.

Solution B.2.

AIDS : Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Solution B.3.

(a) Viruses
(b) BCG
(c) Lungs
(d) AIDS
(e) Vaccine
(f) Tsetse fly
(g) Virus
(h) Elephantiasis

Solution C.1.

Infection: The transmission of disease from one person to another is called infection.
Pathogen: Disease-causing micro-organism is called a pathogen.
Incubation period: Incubation period is the period between the entry of germs and the appearance of the first symptoms of the disease.
Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate hypersensitivity allergy is called an allergen.

Solution C.2.

The different ways in which infectious diseases can spread are as follows:

  • Direct contact: Person to person, animal to person and expected mother to child
  • Indirect contact: Doorknob, phone, etc.
  • Droplet transmission: Sneezing, coughing, etc.
  • Particle transmission: Air particles can transfer infectious diseases
  • Bites and Stings: Mosquitoes, lice, ticks, etc.
  • Food Contamination: Food, beverages, etc.

Solution C.3.

NON-INFECTIOUS DISEASES CAUSE OF THE DISEASE
Asthma Allergy
Cataract Ageing
Beri-Beri Nutritional deficiency
Cancer Carcinogens like chemicals, tobacco smoking, pollution etc.

Solution C.4.

It is important to know how the germs leave the body of a patient as there are some diseases and infections which are transmitted through air, water or just by direct contact. Therefore, to take precautions and protect others from further infections, it is a must to know how the germs leave the body of an infected person.

Solution C.5.

Causative germ of AIDS:

HIV (Human immunodeficiency virus)

Transmission of AIDS:

(a) Sexual intercourse
(b) Mother to child transmission
(c) Contaminated blood transfusions

Solution D.1.

(a) BCG: It is a vaccine which is effective against the bacterial disease tuberculosis (TB). It develops immunity to TB. BCG stands for Bacillus Calmette Guerin.

(b) Incubation period: It is the period between the entry of germs and the appearance of the first symptoms of the disease. Example: Incubation period of pneumonia is 1-3 days.

(c) Chicken pox: It is a viral disease caused by the Herpes Varicella zoster virus. It spreads rapidly by close contact with an infected person. A live attenuated vaccine containing Varicella is administered to children of 12-18 months for active immunisation.

(d) Hepatitis A: It is a viral disease caused by Hepatitis A virus which results in inflammation of the liver. It has an incubation period of 14-45 days. It is mainly transmitted through contaminated food and water.

Solution D.2.

Disease Causative agent Symptoms Prevention
Malaria Protozoan, Plasmodium Chills, high fever, profuse sweating, severe headache, nausea, vomiting, fatigue and body pain Destruction of mosquitoes at all stages and avoid mosquito bites by using mosquito nets or repellents
Chicken pox Virus, Varicellazoster Highly irritating rashes near the chest and back, gradually spreading to the arms, legs, face and head Active immunisation by administering live attenuated vaccine containing Varicella
Tuberculosis Bacterium, Mycobacterium tuberculosis Persistent cough, afternoon fever, bloody mucus, loss of weight, fatigue and chest pain BCG vaccination and isolation of the patient

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Selina Concise Biology Class 9 ICSE Solutions The Flower

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Selina Concise Biology Class 9 ICSE Solutions The Flower

APlusTopper.com provides step by step solutions for Selina Concise ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology Chapter 4 The Flower. You can download the Selina Concise Biology ICSE Solutions for Class 9 with Free PDF download option. Selina Publishers Concise Biology for Class 9 ICSE Solutions all questions are solved and explained by expert teachers as per ICSE board guidelines.

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Selina ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology Chapter 4 The Flower

Exercise 1

Solution A.

  1. (d) large colourful bracts
  2. (d) It has all the four whorls.
  3. (c) Ovary
  4. (c) Ovule
  5. (d) Androecium and gynoecium

Solution B.1.

Column A Column B
(a) Polyadelphous (i) Bombax
(b) Pollen grains (ii) Pollen sac
(c) Free petals (iii) Polypetalous
(d) Non-essential (iv) Calyx, corolla
(e) Sweet fragrant fluid (v) Nectar

Solution C.1.

(a) Incomplete flower – If one or more sets of floral structures are missing, the flower is called incomplete flower. E.g. American elm.

(b) Staminate flower – A unisexual flower which contains only the stamens, i.e., male parts of a flower is called male or staminate flower. E.g. Eastern cottonwood.

(c) Pistillate flower – A flower which contains only the carpels, i.e., female parts of a flower is called female or pistillate flower. E.g. Date palm.

(d) Bisexual flower – A flower which contains both stamens and carpels is called bisexual or hermaphrodite flower. E.g. Hibiscus.

Solution C.2.

Flower Inflorescence
Flower is a specialized shoot in which the leaves are modified into floral structures. Inflorescence is the mode of arrangement of flowers on the axis of the plant.

(b) Petals and Petaloid sepals

Petals Petaloid sepals
Petals are non-essential parts of a flower which help in protection of reproductive parts and make the flower attractive for pollination. Undifferentiated petals and sepals together form the perianth. When perianth is non-green, it is called a petaloid.

Solution C.3.

(a) Placenta:

Location: Cushion or swollen region in the ovary
Function: Gives origin to ovules

(b) Thalamus:

Location: Tip of the flower stalk
Function: Bears all the parts of the flower

(c) Anther:

Location: Part of the stamen
Function: Produces male gametes or pollen grains

(d) Stigma:

Location: Terminal knob-like part
Function: Serves as the landing place for pollen grains during pollination

Solution C.4.

(a) The androecium of pea flower is diadelphous because the filaments of anther are united in two bundles. In case of pea, out of ten, nine stamens form a staminal tube while one is free.
(b) Ray florets of sunflower are neuters because both male and female reproductive organs are lacking or absent.
(c) Salvia sepals are petaloid because the three sepals are united and are red in colour like petals. Hence, they are undifferentiated from the petals.
(d) China rose stamens are epipetaloid because they arise from the base of the petals.

Solution D.1.

Types of androecium in flowers:

  1. Polyandrous: When the stamens of a flower are free, the condition is called polyandrous.
  2. Monadelphous: When the filaments of anthers in a flower are fused into one group, the condition is called monadelphous.
  3. Diadelphous: When the filaments of anthers in a flower are fused into two groups, the condition is called diadelphous.
  4. Polyadelphous: When the filaments of anthers in a flower are fused into more than two groups, the condition is called polyadelphous.

Solution D.2.

(a) China rose: Monadelphous
(b) Bombax: Polyadelphous
(c) Pea: Diadelphous

Solution E.1.

(a) The flower is of Sweet pea.
(b) Standard: Outermost petal which is large and broad
Wings: The two lateral petals are in the form of wings
Keel: Two wings enclose two inner petals which unite to form a keel

Solution E.2.

1: Anther; 2: Filament: 3: Ovule: 4: Placenta; 5: Stigma;
6: Style; 7: Ovary; 8: Petal; 9: Sepal; 10: Receptacle/Thalamus

Solution E.3.

(a) Figure A represents stamen. Stamens collectively form Androecium.
(b) Contents of the pollen sacs in B are male gametes.
(c) The contents of the pollen sacs would come out through agents like air, wind, insects leading to pollination in flowers.

Solution E.4.

When a flower arises in the axil of a leaf-like structure, this structure is known as bract. Because bracts are large and brightly coloured structures, they are often mistaken for petals. This helps to attract insects for pollination.

Solution E.5.

Condition of androecium Explanation Example of flower
Monadelphous Filaments of the anthers in a flower are fused into one group Hibiscus
Diadelphous Filaments of the anthers in a flower are fused into two groups Pea
Polyadelphous Filaments of the anthers in a flower are fused into more than two groups Bombax

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Selina Concise Biology Class 9 ICSE Solutions Hygiene – A Key To Healthy Life

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Selina Concise Biology Class 9 ICSE Solutions Hygiene – A Key To Healthy Life

APlusTopper.com provides step by step solutions for Selina Concise ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology Chapter 9 Chapter 15 Hygiene A Key To Healthy Life. You can download the Selina Concise Biology ICSE Solutions for Class 9 with Free PDF download option. Selina Publishers Concise Biology for Class 9 ICSE Solutions all questions are solved and explained by expert teachers as per ICSE board guidelines.

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Selina ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology Chapter 15 Hygiene – A Key To Healthy Life

Exercise 1

Solution A.

  1. (d) cholera
  2. (d) Sharing towels with others
  3. (d) Plasmodium
  4. (c) Fluorides
  5. (b) Bacteria

Solution B.1.

Column I Column II (Answers)
(a) Mosquito (iv) Malaria
(b) Plasmodium (iii) Vector
(c) Entamoeba histolytica (v) Dysentery
(d) Aedes mosquito (ii) Dengue
(e) Insecticide (i) DDT

Solution B.2.

(a) Vectors (disease carriers)
(b) Pathogens
(c) Hygiene

Solution B.3.

The different ways by which the housefly contaminates our food:

  1. Hairy body and legs: Hairy or spiny body and legs easily pick up dirt containing germs from unhygienic places such as rotten materials, infected wound or faecal matter. When these flies sit on our food, they rub their legs continuously dropping the particles of dirt onto the food, thereby contaminating it.
  2. Pouring out saliva: When the housefly pours its saliva or regurgitates on food, foodstuffs get moistened and pathogens get deposited on them. This results in their contamination.
  3. Excreta: While feeding on food items, houseflies may deposit their excreta on food, contaminating it.
  4. Direct transmission of germs: In some cases, houseflies directly transmit the pathogens. In case of eye disease trachoma, pathogens are transferred from an infected person to a healthy person, when a fly settled on an infected eye of a person sits on the eyes of a healthy person.

Solution B.4.

Two methods of controlling flies:

  1. Spraying of insecticides
  2. Elimination of breeding grounds

Solution B.5.

Effective methods for controlling mosquitoes:

  1. Spraying insecticides
  2. Food should be protected by covering it
  3. Eliminating breeding places of mosquitoes

Solution B.6.

Kind of mosquito Disease caused by it
Anopheles Malaria
Culex Filariasis

Solution B.7.

Contamination of potable water can occur due to

  • Improper disposal of sewage
  • Defecation and urination near lakes, rivers or ponds
  • Drainage of animal wastes and washings from dairies and poultries into water bodies

Solution C.1.

(i) One should breathe by nose and never by mouth because nose contains hair and mucous to trap dust and micro-organisms, so that the inhaled air becomes pure and the respiratory passage is free of dust and micro-organisms.

(ii) We handle a variety of things like books, coins, furniture, tools and machinery in workshops, seats and supporting rods in buses and even pets and other domestic animals in our day-to-day life. Many of these objects carry germs. These germs can be picked up by us, when we touch these objects and get transferred to other parts of our body or into our mouth, when we eat our food. Therefore, it is necessary to wash our hands before eating food to avoid the spread of diseases caused due to these germs.

(iii) Flies are carriers of many disease-causing germs and bacteria. Therefore, eating places must be kept free of flies to avoid possible contamination of food.

Solution C.2.

Cockroaches and rats are common household pests.

  1. Cockroaches are involved in spoiling food, paper and cloth. They may act as carriers of viruses, especially those which cause cancer.
  2. Rats eat grains and other foods. They also act as carriers of certain pathogens. A parasite named rat-fleas lives on rat’s skin. It possibly carries the germs of plague.

Solution C.3.

TYPE OF DYSENTERY CAUSATIVE GERM PRECAUTION
1. Bacillary dysentery Bacterium: Shigelladysenteriae Drinking safe (boiled) water
2. Amoebic dysentery Protozoan: Entamoebahistolytica Avoiding contaminated water and food

Solution C.4.

Symptoms of Hepatitis:

  • Body ache
  • Yellow eyes
  • Deep yellow urine
  • Enlarged liver

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Selina Concise Biology Class 9 ICSE Solutions Skin- “The Jack of All Trades”

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Selina Concise Biology Class 9 ICSE Solutions Skin- “The Jack of All Trades”

APlusTopper.com provides step by step solutions for Selina Concise ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology Chapter 9 Chapter 13 Skin”The Jack Of All Trades”. You can download the Selina Concise Biology ICSE Solutions for Class 9 with Free PDF download option. Selina Publishers Concise Biology for Class 9 ICSE Solutions all questions are solved and explained by expert teachers as per ICSE board guidelines.

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Selina ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology Chapter 13 Skin- “The Jack of All Trades”

Exercise 1

Solution A.

  1. (d) the skin will turn dry and rough
  2. (b) Albinism, Leucoderma
  3. (c) Skin
  4. (b) Dermis
  5. (d) Palm

Solution B.1.

Hypothalamus, a portion of the forebrain is the principal body heat regulating centre in our brain.

Solution B.2.

Modified sweat gland: Mammary gland
Modified sebaceous gland: Ceruminous gland

Solution B.3.

Sebaceous glands

Solution C.1.

Functions of the mammalian skin other than those concerned with heat regulation:

  1. Storage of food: Skin acts as a storehouse of energy by storing reserve food in the form of fat in the hypodermis.
  2. Synthesis of Vitamin D: Skin has the ability to synthesize small quantity of Vitamin D in the presence of sunlight.

Solution C.2.

A peculiar roughness of the skin produced by cold or fear, in which the hair follicles become erect and form bumps on the skin is called goose flesh.

Goose flesh occurs when the muscles at the base of hair known as erectors or arrectors, contract. The erector muscles are obliquely placed between the hair follicle and the outer part of dermis. They are smooth muscles that are necessary to move the hair. The contraction of erector muscle pulls the hair vertical and depresses the epidermis, resulting in goose flesh.

Solution C.3.

Man is a warm-blooded mammal. Our body must maintain an average temperature of 98.6 degree Fahrenheit to function properly. When we feel too hot or too cold, our nervous system sends certain automatic and autonomic reflexes that help to keep us warm. In cold weather, the blood vessels get narrowed (vasoconstricted). Shivering occurs when our muscles expand and contract rapidly to produce extra body heat. The amount of heat produced is increased by increased metabolic rate and muscular activity, which occurs in the form of shivering. That is why, our body shivers and teeth chatter to protect from cold by generating more heat.

Solution C.4.

Leucoderma Albinism
Loss of skin pigmentation from smaller or larger patches at different regions of the body Complete loss of pigmentation of the skin all over the body

Solution C.5.

Two glands found in the human skin are:

  1. Ceruminous gland: It is a modified sebaceous gland found in the auditory canal. It secretes wax-like substance called ear wax.
  2. Mammary gland: It is a modified sweat gland. It is related to reproductive hormones and pregnancy.

Solution C.6.

Fever and sickness or any kind of vigorous activity can lead to perspiration even in cold outside.

Solution D.1.

Epidermis Dermis
1. Stratum corneum: It is the outermost layer having layers of flattened dead cells made up of horny protein called keratin. It consists of elastic fibres, blood vessels, nerves, etc.
2. Granular layer: It is very thin middle layer having two or three sublayers of flattened cells.
3. Malpighian layer: It is the innermost region of the epidermis. The cells can actively divide to produce new cells.

Solution D.2.

Vasodilation: Dilation of blood vessels in the skin leading to an increase in the blood supply.
Vasoconstriction: Narrowing of blood vessels leading to reduction in the blood supply to the skin.
Temperature regulation in cold weather:

  1. At low temperature, the blood vessels get narrowed or vasoconstricted. This reduces the blood supply to the skin.
  2. There is less loss of heat by convection, conduction and radiation. There is less loss of heat through vapourization as reduced blood supply lowers the secretion of sweat by sweat glands.

Selina Concise Biology Class 9 ICSE Solutions Skin- “The Jack of All Trades” 1

Temperature regulation in hot weather:

  1. At high temperature, the blood supply to the skin is increased by vasodilation or dilation of blood vessels in the skin.
  2. This results in greater loss of heat by convection, conduction and radiation.There is more loss of heat through vapourization as more sweat is secreted due to rich supply of blood to the skin.

Solution D.3.

(a) Entry of germs: Skin prevents the entry of harmful substances or infectious agents inside the body.
(b) Excessive loss of heat in severe cold: Skin prevents energy loss from the body. It conserves body heat in cold weather and facilitates loss of heat in hot weather.
(c) Entry of harmful ultra-violet rays: Skin protects the body against harmful ultraviolet light.

Solution E.1.

Selina Concise Biology Class 9 ICSE Solutions Skin- “The Jack of All Trades” 2

Solution E.2.

(a)

  1. Sweat pore
  2. Sebaceous gland
  3. Sweat gland
  4. Fat
  5. Dermis
  6. Stratum malpighian
  7. Stratum corneum
  8. Epidermis
  9. Hair

(b)

  • Function of part 2 (Sebaceous gland): It produces oil called sebum, which plays a role in keeping our skin moist.
  • Function of part 4 (Fat): The skin reserves food in the form of a layer of fat.
  • Function of part 3 (Sweat gland): It secretes a transparent liquid (sweat) containing water and salts from the body in order to regulate body temperature.
  • Function of part 9 (Hair): Hair provide a sensation of touch and are also helpful in forensic investigations.

Part which has at least three functions:
Sebaceous gland:

  1. Skin protection
  2. Secretes an oily substance known as sebum that lubricates hair and skin of mammals
  3. Presence of sebum enables to experience a wet skin even when we have not taken bath for days

(c) The one function which may be common to both men and women is that the fat serves as a food reserve and heat insulating layer as well as a shock absorber.

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Selina Concise Biology Class 9 ICSE Solutions Movement And Locomotion

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Selina Concise Biology Class 9 ICSE Solutions Movement And Locomotion

APlusTopper.com provides step by step solutions for Selina Concise ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology Chapter 9 Chapter 12 Movement And Locomotion. You can download the Selina Concise Biology ICSE Solutions for Class 9 with Free PDF download option. Selina Publishers Concise Biology for Class 9 ICSE Solutions all questions are solved and explained by expert teachers as per ICSE board guidelines.

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Selina ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology Chapter 12 Movement And Locomotion
Exercise 1

Solution A.

  1. (b) Cartilage
  2. (d) Hip
  3. (a) Cervical-7
  4. (b) Ear ossicles

Solution B.1.

Parts of the skeleton Location
Transverse process Neural arches in vertebra
Glenoid cavity Pectoral girdle
Shoulder-blade Shoulder girdle
Acetabulum Pelvic girdle

Solution B.2.

  1. External Ear
  2. Tip of the nose

Solution C.1.

True rib Floating rib
1. The first seven pairs of ribs are called true ribs. 1. The last two, i.e., 11th and 12thpairs of ribs are called floating ribs.
2. They are attached in front of the sternum by means of costal cartilages. 2. They are not attached to the sternum at all.

Solution C.2.

Muscles pull the structure. A muscle has two ends; a fixed end where the muscle originates and a movable end that pulls some other part. The movable end is drawn out to form a tough structure known as a tendon that is attached to the bone. When a muscle is stimulated by a nerve, it contracts and becomes shorter and thicker and this pulls the bone at its movable end. Muscles can only contract and relax, they cannot lengthen.

Solution C.3.

Bones Corresponding bones
Humerus Thigh bone (Femur)
Tarsals Carpals
Metacarpals Metatarsals
Ulna Fibula
Radius Tibia

Solution C.4.

Once a structure has been moved by a muscle, it cannot return to its original position without another muscle acting on it. Muscles that cause opposing movements are known as antagonistic muscles.

Example of antagonistic muscles:
Selina Concise Biology Class 9 ICSE Solutions Movement And Locomotion 1
When you flex your arm at the elbow, the muscle that lies above the upper arm, i.e. the biceps is seen and felt bulging. This muscle bulges due to contraction and becomes smaller in length, stiffer and thicker. Contraction of biceps draws the forearm towards the upper arm. However, relaxation of biceps cannot push the forearm back to its original position. When the arm is extended or straightened, the muscle at the back of the upper arm, i.e. the triceps contracts. The two muscles work antagonistically or in opposite directions to bend or flex and straighten the arm at the elbow.

Solution C.5.

Some joints like shoulder joint, knee joint need to be held firmly in position to be well-lubricated. Such joints contain a lubricating fluid called synovial fluid, which serves as a cushion between the bones and removes friction during movements. As we age, the joint movement becomes stiffer and less flexible because the amount of lubricating fluid inside the joints decreases and the cartilage becomes thinner. Ligaments also tend to shorten and lose some flexibility, making the joints feel stiff.

Solution D.1.

Uses of skeleton:

  1. Support and shape: The skeletal system provides a framework to the body. It provides support to all soft parts and gives a definite shape to the body and all body parts.
  2. Protection: The skeleton protects the internal delicate and important organs of the body. For example in human beings, the skull protects thebrain, ribs protect the heart and lungs, vertebral column protects the spinal cord, etc.
  3. Movement: The skeletal system helps in movement. It co-ordinates the movement of attached bones and muscles to bring about locomotion.
  4. Leverage: Some bones and joints of the skeletal system form levers and help in magnifying, either the movement or the force. For example, slight contraction of biceps moves the hand to a distance of about a foot.
  5. Formation of blood cells: The skeleton is the site of haematopoiesis. Various types of blood cells like red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets are formed in the bone marrow of some long bones.
  6. Storehouse for minerals: The bones are a storehouse of calcium and phosphorus for the rest of the body.

Solution D.2.

Types of joints Example
Immovable joint Skull bones
Partially movable joint Joints between vertebrae
Freely movable joint Hip joint
Gliding joint Ankle bones
Pivot joint Joint between atlas and axis vertebrae
Hinge joint Elbow
Ball and socket joint Shoulder joint

Solution D.3.

Ligament Tendon
Structure
1. Ligament connects two or more bones together. 1. Tendon connects muscle to a bone.
2. They are elastic. 2. They are inelastic.
3. They are arranged freely. 3. They are arranged in bundles.
4. They are formed of yellow or elastic fibres. 4. They are formed of white or collagen fibres.
Function
1. They help to stabilize joints. 1. They carry tensile forces from muscle to bone.
2. Prevent dislocation 2. Attach muscles to portions of the skeleton.

Solution D.4.

(i) Bone is a strong, hollow and non-flexible connective tissue.

(ii) It is hard, greyish-white tissue, composed of 2/3rd of inorganic substances or minerals like calcium, phosphorus, carbonates, etc. and 1/3rd of organic substances.

(iii) The outer surface of the bone is called periosteum. Periosteum is a thin, dense membrane that consists of outer fibrous and inner cellular layer, nerves and blood vessels that nourish the bone.

(iv) The next layer is made up of compact bone. This part is highly calcified, very hard and rigid connective tissue. This tissue gives bones a smooth, white and solid appearance.

(v) The middle layer of bone consists of bone cells called osteocytes, which are arranged in the form of concentric rings. They are embedded in a hard matrix made up of collagen fibre and mineral deposits.

(vi) The innermost hollow cavity of long bones contains bone marrow, which produces blood cells. Red bone marrow is present at the ends of the bone and produces majority of red blood cells, platelets and most of the white blood cells. Yellow bone marrow contains higher amount of fat cells than red marrow and helps in the production some white blood cells.

(vii) Bones are living tissue as long as they are present in the living body. However, when they are taken out of the body, their cells die and the bones are then said to be dead.

Solution D.5.

Selina Concise Biology Class 9 ICSE Solutions Movement And Locomotion 2
1: Cranium/Skull; 2: Clavicle, Scapula; 3: Sternum; 4: Humerus:
5: Ulna; 6: Coccyx; 7: Ribs; 8: Radius; 9: Femur; 10: Fibula; 11: Tibia

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Selina Concise Biology Class 9 ICSE Solutions Digestive System

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Selina Concise Biology Class 9 ICSE Solutions Digestive System

APlusTopper.com provides step by step solutions for Selina Concise ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology Chapter 9 Chapter 11 Digestive System. You can download the Selina Concise Biology ICSE Solutions for Class 9 with Free PDF download option. Selina Publishers Concise Biology for Class 9 ICSE Solutions all questions are solved and explained by expert teachers as per ICSE board guidelines.

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ICSE SolutionsSelina ICSE Solutions

Selina ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology Chapter 11 Digestive System

Exercise 1

Solution A.

  1. (iii) stomach into intestine
  2. (i) HCl and pepsin
  3. (iii) colon
  4. (iii) Premolars, molars – Grinding

Solution B.1.
selina-icse-solutions-class-9-biology-digestive-system-e5
Solution B.2.

The two reflexes which occur when a person chews and swallows food are:

  1. Reflex when a person chews – Secretion of saliva
  2. Reflex when a person swallows – Tongue presses upward and back against the roof (palate)

Solution B.3.

(ii) Both the statements are wrong. Small intestine is longer (7 metres) than large intestine (1.5 metres). Also, large intestine is so called because of its width which is larger than that of small intestine.

Solution C.1.

Digestion is the process of breaking down complex food materials into simpler substances by the action of enzymes.

Need for a digestive system:

  1. Large complex molecules like carbohydrates, proteins and lipids need to be broken down to simpler molecules. These simpler molecules can then be absorbed and utilized by the body.
  2. The breaking down of complex food molecules into their simpler form is possible only through the process of digestion.
  3. During digestion, large complex macromolecules present in food are converted into small simpler molecules, which can be simplified in different compartments of digestive system only.

Solution C.2.

SUBSTRATE END PRODUCTS
Starch Maltose
Proteins Small peptides and amino acids
Fats Fatty acids and glycerol

Solution C.3.

Vitamins are used in their original form by the cells. They do not require digestion. They are either water soluble or fat soluble, hence no enzyme is required to digest vitamins. They are absorbed directly from the digestive tract, transported by blood to the cells, and the cells absorb and use them whenever they need. Besides, vitamins themselves act as catalysts or enzymes in essential chemical reactions that take place in the body.

Solution C.4.

It is very important to chew our food thoroughly as chewing of food helps to break down complex food materials into simpler substances. The act of chewing stimulates the salivary glands to release saliva. The saliva helps to moisten the food and form bolus, which can be swallowed easily. Saliva also contains special enzymes that help to break down carbohydrates.

Solution C.5.

Rectum acts as a temporary storage site for undigested food. It has voluntary smooth muscles that remove the faeces out of the body through the anus.

Solution C.6.

Roughage is a dietary fibre that largely consists of cellulose. It cannot be digested by our body as our body does not contain cellulose-digesting enzymes.

Examples of roughage:

  1. Fruits
  2. Green leafy vegetables

Solution C.7.

Adaptations of ileum for the absorption of digested food:

  1. Very long to provide more surface area for absorption
  2. Presence of large number of villi to further increase the surface area

Solution C.8.

Functions of hydrochloric acid:

  1. It gets mixed with food and kills the bacteria present in food.
  2. It activates pepsin to act on proteins.

Solution D.1.

Vegetarian menu for dinner:

Foodstuffs Weight (gm/ml)
Cereals 320
Pulses 70
Green leafy vegetables 100
Root vegetables 75
Fruits 75
Milk 600
Fat and oil 30
Brown sugar and jaggery 30

Solution D.2.

Main characteristics of an enzyme:

  1. It is a protein and therefore, gets destroyed by heating.
  2. It acts only on one kind of substance called the substrate. So, it is very specific.
  3. It acts as a catalyst, so it can be used again and again.
  4. It only affects the rate of a chemical reaction and always speeds up the reaction.
  5. It always forms the same end products from the fixed substrate.
  6. It acts best only at a particular pH.
  7. It acts best within a narrow temperature range, usually between 35°C-40°C.

Solution D.3.

The small intestine is the most important organ of the digestive system as it serves both, for digestion and absorption. It receives two digestive juices; the bile and the pancreatic juice in the duodenum. These two juices virtually complete the digestion of starch, proteins, carbohydrates, etc. After the breakdown of food, the small intestine absorbs simple substances such as glucose, amino acids, etc.

Solution D.4.

Liver is an important organ in our body as it serves the following functions:

  • Production of bile
  • Control of blood sugar levels
  • Control of amino acid levels
  • Synthesis of foetal red blood cells
  • Produce fibrinogen and heparin
  • Regulate blood volume
  • Destroy dead red blood cells
  • Store vitamin and minerals
  • Excrete toxic and metallic poisons
  • Produce heat
  • Detoxification

Solution D.5.

(i) Peristalsis: Peristalsis is the rhythmic contraction and relaxation of the muscles of the alimentary canal that pushes the food along the gut.
(ii) Omnivore: Omnivores are organisms that consume both plants and animals.
(iii) Pylorus: Pylorus is the passage at the lower end of the stomach that opens into the duodenum.
(iv) Kilocalorie: A kilocalorie is a unit of energy. It is the energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1 Celsius.
(v) Basal metabolic rate: Basal metabolic rate refers to the minimum amount of energy in the form of calories that our body requires to complete its normal functions.

Solution D.6.

REGION ENZYME ACTION ON FOOD
Stomach Pepsin Acts on proteins and converts it into polypeptides
Small intestine
Duodenum Amylopectin Acts on starch and converts it into maltose
Trypsin Acts on remaining proteins, proteoses and peptones to produce peptides and amino acids
Ileum Erepsin Acts on proteins and polypeptides and converts them into small peptides and amino acids
Sucrase Acts on sucrose and converts it into glucose and fructose
Lactase Acts on lactose and converts it into glucose and galactose

Solution D.7.

Importance of water in our body:

  1. Water is the major component of blood, which carries nutrients and oxygen, to and from all the cells.
  2. It is the major component of saliva and mucous, which lubricate the membranes that line our digestive system beginning with the mouth.
  3. It helps in regulating the temperature of the body.
  4. Water is very essential for digestion as well as absorption of food.

Solution D.8.

Test for starch:

  1. Takethe food item to be tested. Put it into a test-tube containing water and boil to make a solution.
  2. Cool the solution and add 2-3 drops of dilute iodine solution to it.
  3. Blue-black colour of the solution indicates the presence of starch in the food item.

Test for proteins:

  1. Take the food item to be tested in a test tube.
  2. Add few drops of dilute nitric acid to it.
  3. Heat the test-tube gently.
  4. Rinse off the acid with water and add few drops of ammonium hydroxide to it.
  5. Colour changefrom colourless to yellow and then from yellow to orange redindicates the presence of protein in the food item.

Solution E.1.

Selina Concise Biology Class 9 ICSE Solutions Digestive System 1

Solution E.2.

While swallowing saliva in the mouth, the larynx is pulled upwards to bring it close to the back of the tongue, when a flap called epiglottis closes its opening. Then, it goes towards the oesophagus.

Solution E.3.

Organ Enzyme Food acted upon Find product
Stomach Pepsin Proteins Polypeptide
Mouth Amylase Starch Disaccharide
Ileum Maltase Maltose Glucose

Solution E.4.

(a)
1 → Enamel
2 → Dentine
3 → Pulp
4 → Gum
5 → Crown
6 → Cement

(b) The tooth shown in the diagram has only one root, so it is an incisor or canine which is used for biting and piercing.

(c) The part labelled ‘3’ (pulp) is a soft connective tissue present in the pulp cavity of the tooth. It consists of blood capillaries, lymph vessels and nerve fibres. These extend from the crown of the tooth and open through the pulp cavity at the base of the root.

(d) Type of teeth in the mouth of an adult:

  1. Incisors (8) → Used for biting and cutting
  2. Canines (4) → Used for holding and tearing of food
  3. Premolars (8) → Used for grinding and crushing of food
  4. Molars (12)→ Used for grinding and crushing of food

Solution E.5.

a) A total of 20 teeth are present in the given dentition.

(b) The given dentition is that of a herbivore because there are no canines present in the dentition. Canines are required by carnivores as they help in holding and tearing of food. The teeth of herbivores are used for cutting, gnawing, and biting, while the teeth of carnivores are sharper and more suited for catching, killing and tearing the prey.

(c) The given dentition is likely to be present in any herbivore such as deer.

(d)
selina-icse-solutions-class-9-biology-digestive-system-b1

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Selina Concise Biology Class 9 ICSE Solutions Tissues: Plant And Animal Tissues

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Selina Concise Biology Class 9 ICSE Solutions Tissues: Plant And Animal Tissues

APlusTopper.com provides step by step solutions for Selina Concise ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology Chapter 3 Tissues: Plant And Animal Tissues. You can download the Selina Concise Biology ICSE Solutions for Class 9 with Free PDF download option. Selina Publishers Concise Biology for Class 9 ICSE Solutions all questions are solved and explained by expert teachers as per ICSE board guidelines.

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ICSE SolutionsSelina ICSE Solutions

Exercise 1

Solution A.

  1. (c) Parenchyma
  2. (a) Fibrous connective tissue
  3. (a)Meristem- Actively dividing cells

Solution B.1.

(a) Apical or terminal meristematic tissue
(b) Protective tissue
(c) Columnar epithelium (Epithelial tissue)
(d) Ligament (Connective tissue)
(e) Conducting tissue
(f) Sclerenchyma (Supporting tissue)

Solution B.2.

Sclerenchyma composed of long, narrow and thick cells, which have become dead, forms the least specialized tissue in plants. This tissue forms the walls and boundaries of plant cells and provides strength to tissue plant parts.

Solution B.3.

(a) Tissue
(b) Permanent tissue cells
(c) Cambium

Solution B.4.

(a) Tips of roots
(b) Nose
(c) Lining of mouth
(d) Veins of leaves
(e) Lining of trachea
(f) Bones

Solution B.5.

(a) Squamous epithelium
(b) Cuboidal epithelium
(c) Neuron
(d) Ciliated columnar epithelium

Solution C.1.

Ciliated columnar epithelium is found in the lining of trachea. This epithelium has thread-like projections called cilia at their free ends. The cilia constantly keep lashing and move the materials which enter this organ.

Solution C.2.

Nervous tissue or neurons are specialized group of cells. This tissue is concerned with perception and responses of animals.
The nervous tissue constitutes the nervous system, which is an organ system. It controls and coordinates all the systems of the body.

Solution C.3.

  1. Muscular tissue (Cardiac muscles)
  2. Epithelial tissue (Lining of blood vessels of the heart)
  3. Connective tissue (Fluid connective tissue in the form of red blood corpuscles)

Solution C.4.

A tissue is a group of similar cells from the same origin that together carry out a specific function. An egg is a zygote or a cell but a cluster of eggs cannot be considered as a tissue as it does not form an organ like a tissue. Instead it gives rise to a new individual organism if gets fertilised.

Solution C.5.

  1. Striated muscles: Provide the force for locomotion and all voluntary movements of the body. These muscles are found in the limbs.
  2. Unstriated muscles: Provide movements for the passage of food in the intestines. These muscles are found in iris of the eye, lining of blood vessels, urinary bladder, etc.
  3. Cardiac muscles: Provide rhythmic contraction and relaxation movements. These muscles are found only in the heart.

Solution D.1.

(a) Cell and tissue

Cell Tissue
A cell is the structural and functional unit of all living beings.
E.g. epithelial cell

A tissue is a group of similar cells which perform a specific function.
E.g. nervous tissue

(b) Organ and organism

Organ Organism
Several tissues together contribute to specific functions inside the body and constitute an organ.
E.g. stomach

Several organ systems together constitute the organism.
E.g. human being

(c) Organ and organelle

Organ Organelle
Several tissues together contribute to specific functions inside the body and constitute an organ.
E.g. stomach

Parts of the cell that have a definite function in the cell.
E.g. mitochondria

(d) Organ and organ system

Organ Organ system
Several tissues together contribute to specific functions inside the body and constitute an organ.
E.g. stomach

Many organs act together to perform a specific life process and constitute an organ system.
E.g. digestive system

Solution D.2.

(a) Parenchyma and Collenchyma

Parenchyma Collenchyma 
(i)  Consists of large thin-walled living cells with a single large vacuole
(ii)  Intercellular spaces may or may not be present

(i)  Consists of elongated cells having thickening in their cell walls
(ii)  Intercellular spaces are totally absent

(b) Meristematic tissue and Permanent tissue

Meristematic tissue Permanent tissue
(i)  Have the capacity to divide
(ii)  Do not have intercellular spaces

(i)  Have lost the capacity to divide
(ii)  Have large intercellular spaces

(c) Sclerenchyma and Parenchyma

Sclerenchyma  Parenchyma
(i)  Consist of dead cells
(ii)  Have thick cell walls

(i)  Consist of living cells
(ii)  Have thin cell walls

(d) Cells of involuntary muscle and voluntary muscle

Cells of involuntary muscle Cells of voluntary muscle
(i) Small and spindle-shaped (i) Long and cylindrical
(ii) Uninucleate (ii) Multinucleate
(iii) Lack stripes or striations (iii) Show stripes or striations
(iv) Found in the walls of the intestine and lining of blood vessels (iv) Found in the arms, legs, face and neck

(e) Fibres of voluntary muscle and cardiac muscle

Fibres of voluntary muscle Fibres of cardiac muscle
(i) Long and cylindrical (i) Short and branched
(ii) Multinucleate (ii) Uninucleate
(iii) Under the control of one’s own will or volition (iii) Not under the control of one’s own will or volition
(iv) Found in the arms, legs, face and neck (iv) Found in the heart

Solution E.1.

(a) The given diagram is of the phloem tissue because the cells show cellular contents unlike the xylem tissue which contains hollow cells without any cellular contents.
(b)
1 → Sieve cell
2 → Phloem parenchyma cell
3 → Companion cell
4 → Sieve plate
(c) The phloem is a food-conducting tissue and is likely to be found in the leaves and stem of plants to carry the food manufactured in the leaves to various parts of the plant.
(d)
1 → Sieve cells: Help in the transport of food from leaves to storage organs and other parts of the plant.
2 → Phloem parenchyma cells: Storage of starch, fat and other organic food material.
3 → Companion cells: Help in the functioning of the sieve tube cells.
4 → Sieve plate: Perforations in the sieve plates allow water and dissolved organic solutes to flow along the sieve tube.

Solution E.2.

(a) The given diagram shows a nerve cell or neuron.
(b)
1 → Dendrites/Dendrons
2 → Axon
3 → Nucleus
4 → Cyton/Perikaryon
5 → Neurolemma
6 → Axon endings
(c) The nerve cell is likely to be found in the nervous system of the human body. The function of the nerve cell is to transmit messages from one part of the body to another. It is associated with perception and responses of animals.

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