Frank ICSE Biology

Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology – Flowers

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Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology – Flowers

PAGE NO: 64

Solution 1:
A flower is the reproductive unit in angiosperms. It is a modified shoot in which internodes are shortened and leaves are modified into floral structure. Flower is meant for sexual reproduction.
A typical flower has four different kinds of whorls arranged successively on the swollen parts of a flower stalk. Flower stalk consists of the stalk called pedicel and the swollen upper part called thalamus bearing the floral leaves.
The different floral whorls are calyx, corolla, androecium and gynoecium. Calyx and corolla are accessory whorls, while androecium and gynoecium are reproductive whorls.

  •  Calyx – The calyx is the outermost whorl of the flower and its members are called sepals. Generally, sepals are green, leaf like and protect the inner whorls of the flower in bud stage. They are also involved in producing food by photosynthesis. The calyx may be gamosepalous (sepals united) or polysepalous (sepals free).
  • Corolla – It is the second whorl composed of floral leaves called petals. Petals are usually brightly coloured to attract insects for pollination. Petals also protect the inner whorls. Like calyx, corolla may be also free (gamopetalous) or united (polypetalous). The shape and colour of corolla vary greatly in plants.
  •  Androecium – It is the third whorl and is the male reproductive whorl of a flower. Androecium is composed of one or more stamens. Each stamen consists of three parts:
  1. Filament – It is the lower stalk of the stamen.
  2. Anther – Filament bears a bilobed fertile structure called anther at its distal end. Each lobe contains two pollen sacs. The pollen grains are produced in pollen-sacs.
  3. Connective – Filament of the stamen is extended in between the two anther lobes called connective.
  • Gynoecium – It is the innermost whorl and the female reproductive part of the flower. Gynoecium is made up of one or more carpels. A carpel consists of three parts namely stigma, style and ovary.
    Ovary is the swollen basal part containing ovules. Each ovary bears one or more ovules attached to a flattened, cushion-like structure called placenta.
    Style is the elongated thread like structure attached to the apex of the ovary. It connects the ovary to the stigma.
    The stigma is situated at the tip of the style and is the receptive surface for pollen grains.
  • Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology - Flowers 1

Solution 2:
(a) Inflorescence – The arrangement of flowers on the floral axis is called inflorescence.
Function – Inflorescence facilitates the best arrangement and display of flowers on a branch without any sort of overcrowding. It also facilitates pollination via a prominent visual display and more efficient pollen uptake and deposition.
(b) Gynoecium – It is the innermost whorl of the flower bearing the female reproductive parts.
Function – The ovary of gynoecium produces ovules which bear the female gamete.
(c) Placentation – The manner in which placenta and ovules are arranged inside the ovary wall is known as placentation.
Function – Placentation helps in the best arrangement of ovules within the ovary. Placentation also helps in plant classification.
(d) Incomplete flower – A flower lacking one whorl out of the four whorls is said to be incomplete flower.
Function – An incomplete flower contains either male or female reproductive organs.
(e) Perianth – When the calyx and corolla are not distinct in a flower (eg. – lily), the whorl is collectively called perianth.
Function – The members of perianth, called tepals are usually brightly coloured and bear scent. This attracts insects which aids in pollination. They also protect the flower in bud condition.

Solution 3:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology - Flowers 2

Solution 4:
The flower is the reproductive unit in the angiosperms and is meant for sexual reproduction. Flowers produce seeds from which new plants grow in future. So the main function of flower is to perpetuate the species.
There are six different types of flowers. These are complete, incomplete, bisexual, unisexual, actinomorphic and zygomorphic.

Solution 5:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology - Flowers 3
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology - Flowers 4

Solution 6:
In certain flowers like tomato and brinjal, the calyx remains attached even after the formation of the fruit and does not wither away. Such calyx is called persistent calyx.

Solution 7:
Calyx is the outermost whorl of a flower which is composed of sepals. Generally these sepals are green, leaf like and protect the inner whorls of the flower in bud condition. They are also involved in producing food by photosynthesis.

Solution 8:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology - Flowers 5

Solution 9:
Corolla is the second whorl composed of floral leaves called petals. Petals are usually brightly coloured to attract insects for pollination. Petals also protect the inner whorls. The shape and colour of corolla vary greatly in plants.

Solution 10:
The androecium and gynoecium are the essential parts of a flower because they are involved in sexual reproduction.
Androecium is the male reproductive organ of a flower and is involved in producing male gametes.
Gynoecium is the female reproductive part of the flower and produces the female gametes.

The non-essential or accessory parts of flowers are the calyx and corolla since they do not directly participate in the process of sexual reproduction leading to the development of seed.
Sepals of calyx are green, leaf like and protect the inner whorls of the flower in bud stage. They are also involved in producing food by photosynthesis.
Petals of corolla are usually brightly coloured to attract insects for pollination; they also protect the inner whorls.

Solution 11:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology - Flowers 6

Solution 12:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology - Flowers 7

Solution 13:
(a) Androecium – It is the third whorl and is the male reproductive organ of a flower. Androecium is composed of one or more stamens. Each stamen consists of three parts: Filament, Anther and Connective. The pollen grains are produced in pollen-sacs on the anthers.
(b) Gynoecium – It is the innermost whorl and is the female reproductive part of the flower. Gynoecium is made up of one or more carpels. A carpel consists of three parts namely stigma, style and ovary. Ovary is the swollen basal part containing ovules.
(c) Calyx – The calyx is the outermost whorl of the flower and its members are called sepals. Generally, sepals are green, leaf like and protect the inner whorls of the flower in bud stage. They are also involved in producing food by photosynthesis. The calyx may be gamosepalous (sepals united) or polysepalous (sepals free).
(d) Corolla – It is the second whorl composed of floral leaves called petals. Petals are usually brightly coloured to attract insects for pollination. Petals also protect the inner whorls. Like calyx, corolla may be also free (gamopetalous) or united (polypetalous).

PAGE NO: 65

Solution 14:
(a) Datura
(b) Cotton
(c) Cotton
(d) Sunflower
(e) Tomato
(f) Mulberry

Solution 15:
(i) (b) condensed stem
(ii) (b) jointed calyx
(iii) (c) thalamus
(iv) (a) reniform
(v) (c) capitulum

BiologyChemistryPhysicsMaths

Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology – Biotechnology Applications

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Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology – Biotechnology Applications

PAGE NO: 53

Solution 1:
Biotechnology is the study and use of techniques using living organisms or their products for the benefit of human race. It is the controlled use of biological agents such as microorganisms or cellular components for beneficial uses.

Solution 2:
Yes.

Solution 3:
Since ancient times, microbes have been exploited for fermentation, baking etc. even without any idea of the mechanism behind them.
The various ways in which microbes were utilized in ancient times are:

  1. In ancient times (before 2500 B.C.), the Aryans used to prepare ‘Soma’ as offering to God.
  2. Preparations of curds, cheese, paneer, butter etc. from milk are age-old techniques.
  3. In Roman times, cheese was processed from milk and its nutritive value was recognized.
  4. For baking, leftover dough was applied from a previous batch of bread on leavened bread.

Solution 4:
Some food items prepared using microbes are bread, idli and dosa (South India), soya sauce, koji (Japan), temph (Indonesia), curd, cheese, butter and gari (West Africa)

Solution 5:
Two pioneer institutes in the field of Biotechnology in India are:

  1. Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai
  2.  Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi

Solution 6:
Four industrial applications of biotechnology are:

  1. Biotechnology is used to produce various alcoholic beverages like wine, beer, whisky, brandy and rum. For this purpose, brewer’s yeast is used for fermenting malted cereals and fruit juices. Depending on the type of the raw material used for fermentation and the type of processing, different types of alcoholic drinks are obtained.
  2.  Biotechnology also helps in the commercial production of non-alcoholic beverages like tea and coffee. Here microbes are used in a fermentation process called curing.
  3. Vinegar i.e. acetic acid is obtained by the fermentation of fruit juices.
  4.  A number of organic acids like citric acid, lactic acid, butyric acid etc. are obtained by biotechnological methods by employing several acid producing microbes.
  5. Biotechnological techniques help in the production of certain enzymes for industrial use. For example proteases, lipases and amylases are obtained from cultures of yeasts like Saccharomyces and Torula and certain bacteria.
    (Write any 4)

Solution 7:

  1. Biofertilisers are organisms that enrich the nutrient quality of the soil. The main sources of biofertilisers are bacteria, fungi and cyanobacteria. Certain bacteria and blue-green algae fix atmospheric nitrogen and make it available to plants.
  2. Certain microorganisms control or prevent spread of other organisms. They are utilized as bio-control agents. Example – Certain fungi which kill agricultural weeds are utilized as bio-weedicides.

Solution 8:

(a) In sewage treatment plants, microbes are utilized as scavengers to remove organic matter from sewage. Bacteria, algae and fungi play important roles in sewage treatment.
(b) Gobar gas or biogas is obtained from cowdung, garbage etc. when it is placed in biogas plants where anaerobic bacteria produce methane etc. The waste slurry is used as manure.

Solution 9:
Five applications of biotechnology in the field of medicine are:

  1. Antibiotics – Antibiotics are chemical substances, which are produced by some microbes and can kill or retard the growth of other pathogenic microbes, without harming the host. Biotechnology has helped us to obtain pure and large amounts of antibiotics from microbes. Examples of antibiotics obtained from microbes are penicillin, tetracycline, streptomycin etc. The world’s first discovered antibiotic penicillin is produced by Penicillium species of fungi. It destroys bacteria causing tonsillitis, sore throat, gonorrhea, local infections and pneumonia.
  2. Vaccines – Vaccines are killed or weakened pathogens employed to provide immunity against the diseases caused by them. Using biotechnology, we have been able to produce cheaper, purer, safer and more potent vaccines.
  3. Antibodies – Antibodies against disease causing pathogens can be obtained through clone cultures. These help to provide immunity against diseases.
  4. Hormones – Using recombinant DNA technology, humans have succeeded in producing several important hormones. For example – The bacteria E.coli have been successfully used to produce large quantities of human insulin. This is a boon to the many diabetic patients who are deficient in insulin and hence are unable to control their blood sugar. Also this was an improvement over the earlier used animal insulin which was expensive and allergic to many people.
  5. Diagnostic kits – Today many diagnostic kits are available for detecting many diseases especially those caused by parasites. These kits give more reliable and quicker results easily.

Solution 10:
Koji – Japan
Gari – Africa
Temph – Indonesia
Vinegar – Fermentation
Baking – Yeast

Solution 11:
(a) Idli, dosa
(b) Wine, beer
(c) Insulin
(d) Criminals
(e) biological sciences, technology

Solution 12:

  1. (d) all of the above
  2. (b) acid fermentation
  3. (b) Soma
  4. (a) weakened pathogens
  5. (a) acetic acid

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Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology – Being Alive – Vegetative Propagation

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Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology – Being Alive – Vegetative Propagation

PAGE NO : 49

Solution 1:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology - Being Alive - Vegetative Propagation 1
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology - Being Alive - Vegetative Propagation 2

Solution 2:
Advantages of vegetative propagation are:

  1.  Vegetative propagation is the only method to obtain new plants in those plants where seed formation does not occur.
  2.  This method is cheaper, convenient and rapid method of plant multiplication.
  3.  It is the only method of reproduction in plants like grapes, roses, pineapple etc. which do not form viable seeds.
  4.  Plants raised through vegetative propagation from a single plant form a genetically uniform population called a clone.

Solution 3:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology - Being Alive - Vegetative Propagation 3
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology - Being Alive - Vegetative Propagation 4

Solution 4:
Orchids, Rose

Solution 5:
Plants propagated through root cuttings are:

  1. Roses
  2.  Raspberries
  3. Blackberries
  4.  Crabapple
  5.  Fig
  6.  Lilac

Plants propagated through stem cuttings are:

  1. Blackberries
  2. Cannabis
  3. Grapes
  4. Pineapple
  5. Sugarcane
    (Write any four of each)

Solution 6:

(a) Budding – Here a single bud instead of a branch is grafted on the stock. In about two weeks, the bud unites with the stock after which the stock just above the bud is cut off. Budding is usually done in rainy season. Budding is carried out in plants like lemon and hibiscus.
(b) Grafting – Here a detached part of one plant called scion, is inserted into the stem of a rooted plant called stock. Scion is a short piece of detached shoot containing several buds. After a few days, vascular connection is established between the joined parts and parenchyma tissue develops at the junction of the graft. Examples of plants in which grafting is carried out are apple, pear, mango and guava.
(c) Layering – In layering, an intact branch is bent into the soil and is covered with moist soil. The growing tip remains above the soil. When roots arise in the branch region in contact with soil, it is separated from the parent plant. Within a few weeks, a new plant can be propagated by this method. Examples of plants in which layering is carried out are cherry, jasmine and grapevine.

Solution 7:
(a) Tubers
(b) Stem cutting
(c) Bulb
(d) Corm
(e) Stem cutting

Solution 8:
(a) Sugarcane
(b) Agave/ Oxalis
(c) Bryophyllum
(d) Potato
(e) Apple

Solution 9:
Hybridisation is the crossing of two plants differing in one or more genetic characters to obtain a new individual or variety.

Solution 10:
Plant hybridisation is a time consuming process and is carried out between two plants of different species or between two varieties of the same species.
Two parent plants are selected of which one parent has the desired characters. On the female plant, emasculation is carried out i.e. stamens are removed to prevent undesirable fertilization. Then pollen of the male plant is collected and artificially brushed on stigma of emasculated flower. The emasculated flower is kept bagged before and after fertilization to prevent any unwanted cross pollination. After pollination, fertilization takes place and seeds of desired variety are produced.

Solution 11:
Vegetative propagation is economically important in the following ways:

  1.  Vegetative propagation is helpful in the improvement of food crops, cash crops and ornamentals.
  2. Plants raised through vegetative propagation are totally identical to the parent plants (clones) and are genetically similar.
  3. Vegetative propagation is the only method to multiply those plants where seed formation does not occur.
  4.  This is a cheaper, convenient and rapid method of plant multiplication.
  5. It is the only method of reproduction in plants like grapes, roses, Chrysanthemums, pineapples etc. which do not form viable seeds i.e. seeds do not germinate.

Solution 12:
The objectives of plant hybridisation are:

  1. Development of hybrid vigour
  2.  Accumulation of desired traits of two or more plants in a single hybrid.

Plant hybridization is beneficial to us in the following ways:

  1. It is useful in obtaining clones and genetic experimental plants.
  2.  It is a quick and convenient method.
  3.  Hybrid plants are stronger than either parent plant in general and have a higher yield.
  4. Crop plants giving a much higher yield can be developed using this technique.
  5. Plants resistant to diseases, pests and climatic factors can be produced by hybridization with desired plants or wild species.
  6. The hybrid plants (especially ornamentals) have more colourful or fragrant flowers that enhance their commercial value.

Solution 13:
Micropropagation is a technique of propagating plants by culturing cells, tissues or organs. This technique uses a very small amount of the stock plant.

Solution 14:
In micropropagation, a piece of tissue such as bud or shoot tip is removed from a plant, sterilized and placed onto a culture medium. The tissue multiplies into an undifferentiated mass of cells called callus. Later it is transferred to a nutrient medium where this tissue differentiates and produces a number of plantlets. The plantlets are then transplanted into pots kept in green houses and then placed in fields to see their performance.

Solution 15:

  1. (b) layering
  2. (c) lack cambium
  3. (a) agamospermy
  4. (b) both genetically and morphologically similar to parent-plants

BiologyChemistryPhysicsMaths

Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology – Being Alive – Tissues

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Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology – Being Alive – Tissues

PAGE NO : 41

Solution 1:
Permanent tissue is a group of cells which temporarily or permanently cease to divide and thus assume permanent form and function.
Permanent tissues are of three types – simple tissues, complex tissues and special tissues.

Solution 2:
Sclerenchyma is a type of simple tissue present commonly in roots, stems, leaves and petioles. Its cells are dead, elongated and narrow with thickened and lignified cell walls. Sclerenchyma is of two types i.e. fibres and sclerids.
Sclerenchyma gives strength, rigidity and flexibility to the plant body, thus enabling it to withstand various strains.

Solution 3:
Xylem is a complex plant tissue composed of several types of cells which are:

 

  1. Tracheids – These cells are long and tubular with thick, rigid and lignified walls and pointed ends. Tracheids are present in all vascular plants. These conduct water and minerals from root to stem.
  2.  Vessels – These are long cylindrical cells with lignified walls, placed one above the other to form a pipe like structure. They participate in the conduction of water and minerals.
  3.  Xylem fibres – These are sclerenchymatous fibres found attached to xylem. These provide strength to the plant organs.
  4.  Xylem parenchyma – This is the living component of xylem. Xylem parenchyma is composed of simple parenchyma cells found in xylem. These are connected with tracheids or vessels through simple or bordered pits. Their function is to store food material.
    Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology - Being Alive - Tissues 1

Solution 4:
Phloem is a complex plant tissue found in all parts of the plant like roots, stems and leaves and is mainly responsible for the conduction of organic food prepared by the plant.
Phloem is made up of four components which are:

  1. Sieve tubes
  2. Companion cells
  3. Phloem parenchyma
  4.  Phloem fibres

PAGE NO : 42

Solution 5:

  1. Tissue is a group of cells of similar structure and function.
  2.  Vascular tissue is the complex plant tissue in higher plants that is composed of xylem and phloem and is concerned with conducting water, minerals and organic food throughout the plant body.
  3. Meristematic tissue is a group of cells which constantly divide and produce cells indefinitely throughout the life of the plant.
  4. Permanent tissue refers to a group of cells which temporarily or permanently cease to divide and thus assume permanent form and function

Solution 6:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology - Being Alive - Tissues 2
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology - Being Alive - Tissues 3

Solution 7:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology - Being Alive - Tissues 4
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology - Being Alive - Tissues 5
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology - Being Alive - Tissues 6

Solution 8:
There are two main types of epithelial tissues. These are:

(a) Simple and
(b) Compound

Simple epithelial tissue is further divided into six sub-groups which are:

  • Columnar epithelium
  • Ciliated epithelium
  • Cuboidal epithelium
  •  Squamous epithelium
  • Glandular epithelium
  • Sensory epithelium

Compound epithelial tissue is of two types:

  1. Stratified epithelium
  2. Transitional epithelium

Functions of epithelial tissue are:

  •  It forms a protective layer over the body and protects the underlying cells from drying up, injury, germs and harmful chemicals.
  •  It absorbs water and other nutrients inside the body.
  • Some of these cells secrete ear wax, mucus, milk and digestive juices.

Solution 9:
Nerve cell or neuron is a cell of the nervous system, capable of transmitting signals or impulses within the body. Each neuron consists of a cell body or cyton with a nucleus and elongated hair like extensions called axons and dendrites.
Nervous tissue is found in brain, spinal cord and nerves and carries out transmission of signals or impulses within the body.

Solution 10:
Blood is called a tissue since it contains many blood cells i.e. RBCs, WBCs and platelets working together to perform a common function. Blood connects the body systems together bringing the needed oxygen, nutrients, hormones and other signaling molecules, and removing the wastes.

Solution 11:
(i) Epithelial tissue:
Structure: The cells of epithelium are compactly placed, tightly held together and form a continuous sheet. Epithelial cells are supported below on a basement membrane. These cells may be of different shapes and sizes.
Types:
There are two main types of epithelial tissues which are:
(a) Simple and
(b) Compound
Functions:
(i) It forms a protective layer over the body and protects the underlying cells from drying up, injury, germs and harmful chemicals.
(ii) It absorbs water and other nutrients inside the body.
(iii) Some of these cells secrete ear wax, mucus, milk and digestive juices.
(ii) Muscular tissue:
Structure – Muscle tissue consists of cells which are elongated and large-sized, hence they are also called muscle fibres. These fibres are of various sizes. Contractile proteins are present in the muscle cells which bring about their contraction and relaxation. The cytoplasm of muscle fibre is called sarcoplasm and is bounded by a membrane called sarcolemma.
Types: Muscle tissue is of three types:

  1. Striated muscle tissue
  2.  Unstriated muscle tissue
  3.  Cardiac muscle tissue

Functions –

  1. Muscles bring about all voluntary movements done by a person.
  2.  All the involuntary movements needed to keep the body alive are possible due to muscles.
  3.  Connective tissue

Structure – This tissue has homogenous matrix which forms its main bulk. The connective tissue cells are living, separated from each other and are few in number. The matrix varies in size and shape and may be solid, gel like or liquid. The nature of the matrix decides the function of the connective tissue.
Types –
The following are the different types of connective tissue:
(a) Loose areolar connective tissue
(b) Fibrous connective tissue
(c) Cartilage connective tissue
(d) Bone
(e) Fluid connective tissue
Functions –
(i) Connective tissue connects and binds various organs of our body.
(ii) It gives support to the body and forms the skeleton to provide a definite shape.
(iii) It transports nutrients, hormones, oxygen and waste material within the body.
(iv) Nervous tissue:
Structure – The cells of nervous tissue is called neuron. It is capable of transmitting signals or impulses within the body. Each neuron consists of a cell body or cyton with a nucleus and elongated hair like extensions called axons and dendrites. Axons bundle together to form the nerve.
Functions – Nervous tissue is found in brain, spinal cord and nerves. It carries out transmission of signals or impulses within the body.

Solution 12:
(a) – (v)
(b) – (i)
(c) – (iv)
(d) – (ii)
(e) – (vi)
(f) – (iii)

Solution 13:

  1. Nervous tissue
  2.  Cardiac muscle tissue
  3. Adipose tissue
  4.  Xylem
  5. Phloem

Solution 14:
The three kinds of muscles found in human body are:

  1.  Striated muscle – An example is leg muscle
  2. Unstriated muscle – An example is muscles in walls of uterus
  3.  Cardiac muscle – An example is heart muscle

Solution 15:

  1. Tissue
  2. Unicellular organism
  3.  Organ

Solution 16:

  1. Stratified epithelial tissue
  2.  Apical meristem
  3. Ligament
  4. Ciliated epithelium
  5. Cuboidal epithelium

Solution 17:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology - Being Alive - Tissues 7

Solution 18:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology - Being Alive - Tissues 8
Solution 19:

  1.  False
  2.  True
  3.  False
  4.  True
  5. True
  6.  True

Solution 20:

  1. (b) sclerenchyma
  2. (c) tissue
  3. (d) tracheid
  4. (b) thin walled and living
  5. (d) dicot stems
  6. (b) phloem
  7. (a) blood devoid of RBCs
  8. (a) one bone to another
  9. (d) striated and involuntary
  10. (a) vascular connective tissue

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Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology – Being Alive – The Cell- A unit of Life

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Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology – Being Alive – The Cell- A unit of Life

PAGE NO : 25

Solution 1:
All living organisms are made up of cells. Cells are the building blocks of all organisms and they give structural and functional stability to the organisms. All the metabolic processes needed to keep an organism alive occur at the cellular level. Hence cell is said to be the basic unit of life.

Solution 2:
In 1839, M.J. Schleiden and T. Schwann proposed the cell theory. This was further expanded by Virchow in 1858. The main features of the cell theory as known at present are:

  1.  All living organisms are composed of cell. Hence cell is the structural unit of living organisms.
  2.  All cells arise from pre-existing cells of the similar kind by cell division.
  3. The chemical composition and metabolism of all cells is basically alike.

Solution 3:
Cell is the smallest structural and functional unit of all living organisms and is a membrane bound structure enclosing the protoplasm.
The two types of cells are:

  1.  Prokaryotic cells – These cells lack a well-organised nucleus and membrane bound organelles. They are usually found in unicellular organisms, which are referred to as prokaryotes. Example of prokaryotes are bacteria and blue-green algae.
  2. Eukaryotic cells – These cells possess a well-organised nucleus and membrane bound organelles. Organisms made up of eukaryotic cells are called eukaryotes. Examples of eukaryotes are plants and animals.

Solution 4:
The organelles present in a typical cell are:

  1.  Mitochondria
  2.  Endoplasmic reticulum
  3. Plastid
  4.  Golgi body
  5.  Vacuoles
  6.  Lysosomes
  7.  Centrosomes
    (Write any 5)

Solution 5:
(a) Robert Hooke discovered and named cells.
(b) Virchow stated that new cells originate only from pre-existing cells (omnis cellula e cellula).
(c) Schleiden found that all plant cells have essentially similar structure.
(d) Schwann observed that all animal cells are basically similar and lack cell wall.

Solution 6:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology - Being Alive - The Cell- A unit of Life 1

Solution 7:
(a) Mitochondria – It is the powerhouse of the cell and provides energy for carrying out all the vital life activities of the cell.
(b) Ribosomes – It is the site of protein synthesis.
(c) Cell membrane – It gives definite shape to the cell, protects the internal cell contents and allows entry and exit of specific substances into and out of the cell.

PAGE NO : 26

Solution 8:
Plastids are self-replicating organelles present only in plant cells and absent in animal cells. They are of three types:

  1. Chloroplast – Green coloured plastids (due to presence of chlorophyll)
  2. Chromoplast– Coloured plastids (except green colour)
  3. Leucoplast – Colourless plastids

The main functions of plastids are:

  1. Chloroplasts trap solar energy and use it to synthesize carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water by the process of photosynthesis.
  2. Chromoplasts attract insects and other animals to ensure pollination and dispersal of fruits.
  3. Leucoplasts store starch, proteins or lipids in cell.
    (Write any 2 functions)

Solution 9:
During starvation, lysosomes burst and release their powerful enzymes, which act on their own cellular organelles and digest them. This results in cell death. Hence lysosomes are called suicidal bags.

Solution 10:
ER – Endoplasmic Reticulum
SER – Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
RER – Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Solution 11:
Mitochondria contains enzymes necessary for the oxidation of carbohydrates and release energy needed for all vital life activities in the form of ATP. Hence they are called powerhouses of the cell.

Solution 12:
Nucleus controls all the metabolic activities of the cell. It regulates cell division. Without nucleus, the cell dies and it cannot divide. Hence nucleus is the controller of cell.

Solution 13:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology - Being Alive - The Cell- A unit of Life 2

Solution 14:
(a) Chloroplasts are the kitchens of the cell. They trap solar energy and use it to synthesize carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water by the process of photosynthesis.
(b) Chromosomes are the hereditary material of the nucleus, concerned with the transmission of hereditary traits from parents to offspring.
(c) Endoplasmic Reticulum increases the surface area of the cytoplasm for different metabolic activities of the cell.

Solution 15:
(a) Acetabularia
(b) Deoxyribonucleic acid
(c) Theory
(d) Ostrich
(e) Nucleus

Solution 16:
Platform or work place for synthesis of proteins – Ribosomes
Power house of cells – Mitochondria
Help in formation of cell plate during cell division – Golgi complex
Site for photosynthesis – Chloroplast
Control tower of cell – Nucleus
Structure bearing genes – Chromosomes

Solution 17:
a – Cell membrane
b – Nucleus
c – Chromatin
d – Nuclear membrane
e – SER
f – Mitochondria
g – Golgi vesicles
h – Golgi complex
i – RER
j – Ribosomes

Solution 18:
(a) Robert Hooke
(b) Schleiden and Schwann
(c) Nerve cell
(d) Fibres of ramie
(e) ATP
(f) The cell of Mycoplasma laidlawii
(g) Cell lacking a well-organised nucleus and membrane bound organelles is called prokaryotic cell.

PAGE NO : 27

Solution 19:
a – Plasmodesmata
b – Nucleolus
c – Mitochondria
d – Golgi apparatus
e – Chloroplast
f – cell membrane
g – cell membrane
h – ER
i – Microtubule

Solution 20:

  1. (d) cells are functional and structural unit of plants and animals
  2. (a) DNA
  3. (c) plastid
  4. (a) nucleus membrane
  5. (b) Altman
  6. (b) Robert Hooke
  7. (a) Robert Hooke

BiologyChemistryPhysicsMaths

Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology – Being Alive – What is its Meaning?

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Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology – Being Alive – What is its Meaning?

PAGE NO : 13

Solution 1:
Characteristics of living organisms are:

  1.  All living organisms exhibit a definite shape and size. For example – Mango trees can be identified among all the other tress. Also tigers can be identified among other animals.
  2. All living beings show some type of body organization. Their body may be made of one cell in case of unicellular organisms or many cells in case of multicellular organisms. In multicellular organisms, cells are further organized into tissues, organs and organ systems.
  3.  Living organisms show autotrophic or heterotrophic modes of nutrition.
  4. All living organisms respire continuously. During respiration, most organisms use up oxygen from environment and release carbon dioxide. This oxygen oxidizes food materials to release energy which is used to carry out the various life processes of the organism.
  5.  In all living organisms, many chemical processes occur in order to maintain life and this is called metabolism. Some of these processes are constructive called anabolic processes whereas others are destructive called catabolic processes.
  6.  All living organisms show the characteristic feature of growth. From a small size at birth, living organisms grow due to formation of new cells and building up of protoplasm within cells. Example – A seedling growing into a small plant and then into a big tree.
  7. Reproduction helps in producing offsprings similar to parents and thus helps in maintaining continuity of race.
  8. All living organisms show some form of movement or another. This may be movement of the entire body from one place to another as seen in most animals, few plants and certain plant organs, or movement of a part of the body only.
  9. All living organisms excrete waste products of metabolism from their body.
  10. Every living organism shows a definite life-cycle including four stages i.e. birth, growth, maturity and death. Every living organism has a definite life-span.

Solution 2:
Organisms capable of performing all the vital activities of life like nutrition, growth, respiration, digestion and excretion etc. are called living organisms. Example – man, bird, fish, trees.
Things which do not perform any vital life activities are called non-living things. Example – pen, table, stone, water, car etc. Non-living things require external energy for their movement (car, train etc.) or addition of particles from outside for increase in size (eg. increase in size of alum crystals in their concentrated solutions).
Growing of the crystal of copper sulphate is not a living character. This is because the increase in its size is due to deposition of new material externally and not from within. This is known as extrinsic growth. In living organisms, growth occurs due to formation of new cells and building up of protoplasm within cells.

Solution 3:
A motor car requires external energy for its movement and also it does not perform the vital life activities on its own, hence it is not a living organism. A living organism has internal energy which is used for carrying out all its vital life activities.

Solution 4:
(a) Irritability is a feature shown by living beings, but not non-living things. It refers to the ability of the organism to respond in accordance with internal or external environmental stimuli. Irritability is well-developed in animals due to the evolution of nervous system. An example is the immediate removal of hand from a hot object. Irritability is also shown by plants but it is not very prominent.

(b) Metabolism – In all living organisms, many chemical processes occur constantly in order to maintain life and this is called metabolism. Metabolism includes two types of processes i.e. constructive and destructive. Only living organisms show metabolism.

(c) Respiration – All living organisms respire continuously. During respiration, most organisms use up oxygen from environment and release carbon dioxide.

(d) Cellular structure -All living organisms are made up of one or many cells. Each cell contains protoplasm wherein all the life activities are carried out. Protoplasm is surrounded by a thin, elastic plasma membrane. Plant cells possess an additional cell wall to provide rigidity to the cells.

(e) Growth – All living organisms show the characteristic feature of growth.From a small size at birth, living organisms grow due to formation of new cells and building up of protoplasm within cells. Example – A seedling growing into a small plant and then into a big tree.

Solution 5:
The characters of living organisms are:

  1. Growth
  2.  Reproduction
  3. Metabolism
  4. Respiration
  5. Nutrition
  6.  Movement and locomotion
  7. Definite form and size
  8.  Reproduction
  9.  Excretion
  10.  Irritability
    (Write any four)

Solution 6:
A rolling stone just rolls down due to gravitational force acting on it. It will stop rolling once it reaches a hurdle or plain ground. Then it cannot roll or move on its own. It needs some external force to cause its movement. Hence it is a non-living object. A living organism would be able to move by itself using its own energy, without depending on external force.

Solution 7:
Living – Egg, protoplasm, cactus, flower, seed
Non-living – Table, glass, iron, car, nail
Dead – Coral, leather, cork

Solution 8:
Examples of movement in living things –

  • Running of a lion
  •  Drooping of leaves

Examples of movement in non-living things –

  • Running of train or car
  • Rolling down of a stone

Solution 9:
(a) Life is the condition that distinguishes organisms from inorganic objects and dead organisms.
(b) Death is the cessation of all life activities in a living being due to weakening and losing of energy from them after completing their life span
(c) Locomotion is the movement of the entire organism from one place to another.
(d) Reproduction is the ability of living organisms to produce young ones that are similar to parents.

Solution 10:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology - Being Alive - What is its Meaning 2

Solution 11:
Characteristics of living organisms are:

  1. (i) All living organisms exhibit a definite shape and size. For example – Mango trees can be identified among all the other tress. Also tigers can be identified among other animals.
  2. All living beings show some type of body organization. Their body may be made of one cell in case of unicellular organisms or many cells in case of multicellular organisms. In multicellular organisms, cells are further organized into tissues, organs and organ systems.
  3. Living organisms show autotrophic or heterotrophic modes of nutrition.
  4. All living organisms respire continuously. During respiration, most organisms use up oxygen from environment and release carbon dioxide. This oxygen oxidizes food materials to release energy which is used to carry out the various life processes of the organism.
  5. In all living organisms, many chemical processes occur in order to maintain life and this is called metabolism. Some of these processes are constructive called anabolic processes whereas others are destructive called catabolic processes.
  6.  All living organisms show the characteristic feature of growth. From a small size at birth, living organisms grow due to formation of new cells and building up of protoplasm within cells. Example – A seedling growing into a small plant and then into a big tree.
  7.  Reproduction helps in producing offsprings similar to parents and thus helps in maintaining continuity of race.
  8.  All living organisms show some form of movement or another. This may be movement of the entire body from one place to another as seen in most animals, few plants and certain plant organs, or movement of a part of the body only.
  9. All living organisms excrete waste products of metabolism from their body.
  10.  Every living organism shows a definite life-cycle including four stages i.e. birth, growth, maturity and death. Every living organism has a definite life-span.

PAGE NO : 14

Solution 12:

  1. (a) Protoplasm
  2. (b) Dried bone
  3. (a) Living
  4.  (d) The capacity to respond to the stimuli
  5. (a) Cell
  6. (c) Reproduction

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Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology – An Introduction

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Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology – An Introduction

PAGE NO : 6

Solution 1:
Biology is the branch of science dealing with the study of living organisms.
The two main branches of Biology are Botany and Zoology.

Solution 2:

Biology is the branch of science dealing with the study of living organisms including their structure, evolution, growth and environment.
Biology is important in our daily life in the following ways:

  1. Food – Study of various food components helps in understanding balanced diet and its significance. We get food directly or indirectly through agriculture, which is helped by the studies of different branches of Biology.
  2. Health – Biology helps us to understand structure and functions of our various body parts as well the various diseases that we suffer from and their cure.
  3. Agriculture – Biology helps us to increase the overall agricultural production by providing knowledge about new methods of farming, improved seed varieties and crop protection against many diseases.
  4.  Clothes – Materials for making clothes like wool, fur and silk are obtained from animals whereas cotton is obtained from plants. Biology deals with these animals and plants.
  5.  Industry – Many industries are based on animal and plant products like leather, horn, shells, honey, wax, pearl, wood, rubber etc. Increased manufacture of these products can be achieved using the knowledge of Biology.
  6. Human Diseases – Many animals cause and transmit diseases. Also many animals are used for testing new drugs before use on humans. The tremendous advances in human physiology, medicine and surgery have come from the study of zoology.
  7. Aesthetic value – We keep many animals like birds, fishes and butterflies for entertainment and hobby. Visiting gardens and parks also gives us aesthetic pleasure. Biology helps in the study of these animals and plants to provide us better aesthetic value.
  8.  Improvement of domestic animals – Raising improved breeds of domestic animals gives better yields and this is made possible by zoology and genetics.
  9. Space research – Biology helps in man’s quest of knowing about extra terrestrial life.

Solution 3:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology - An Introduction 1

Solution 4:
Study of Biology is advantageous to us in many ways. These are:

  1.  It helps us to understand ourselves better such as our body activities, our hereditary, our evolution, need for food, life and death etc.
  2.  It helps us to remain healthy and fit by knowing our body structure and functioning.
  3.  It tells us about the types of human diseases and their causes. It also helps in the prevention and cure of human diseases.
  4.  Biology ensures maximum utilization of resources available to us such as increasing crop production, improving breeds of useful animals, using microbes in food, industry and medicine, curing diseases and overall improving the quality of life.
  5.  It informs us about the negative consequences of excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides like degradation of soil quality and harming living beings including humans through food chains.
  6. Biology tells us about the problems of deforestation and its effects on the environment.
  7. It makes us aware about the causes and harmful effects of pollution and ways of controlling it.
  8. Biology stresses the need for conservation of natural resources, so that they are available to future generations.
  9. It informs us about our responsibility towards other forms of life and our planet at large, for sustainable living.
  10.  It makes us aware of the need to maintain the delicately balanced ecosystem containing various food chains and food webs.
  11. Biology solves many problems facing mankind such as eradication of fatal diseases, decreasing environmental pollution, increasing food supply, recharging fresh water resources etc.

Solution 5:
The five main branches of Biology are:

  1. Zoology – It is the study of animals
  2.  Botany – It refers to the study of plants
  3.  Microbiology – It refers to the study of microorganisms
  4.  Ecology– It deals with the study of relationship between living organisms and their environment.
  5. Pathology– It deals with the study of different types of plant and animal diseases.

Solution 6:
Zoology is the branch of Biology dealing with the study of animals.
Botany is the branch of Biology dealing with the study of plants.

Solution 7:

  •  Morphology is the study of the form and structure of living organisms.
  •  The study of tissues of organisms with the help of microscopes is called histology.
  • Ecology is the branch of biology dealing with the study and relationship of environment with living organisms and its effect on structure, distribution and habitat.
  • Genetics is defined as the study of heredity and inheritance.
  • Biochemistry is the study of the metabolic activities of chemical materials.
  • Pathology is the branch of Biology dealing with the study of different types of plant and animal diseases, their symptoms, causative agents and methods of control.

Solution 8:

  • Paleontology / Palaeobiology
  •  The Greek philosopher, Aristotle
  •  Lamarck and Treviranus coined the term Biology in 1801.
  •  Ecology
  • Teratology
  • Theophrastus

PAGE NO : 6

Solution 9:
Physiology – Vital activities
Microbiology – Microbes
Embryology – Life-cycle
Entomolgy – Insects
Cytology – Cells
Histology – Tissues

Solution 10:
Frank ICSE Solutions for Class 9 Biology - An Introduction 2

Solution 11:
Areas of Biology which have developed recently are:

  1. Enzymology
  2.  Immunology
  3.  Genetic Engineering
  4.  Radiation Biology
  5. Forensic Science
  6. Biophysics
  7. Cybernetics
    (Write any three)

Solution 12:

  1. (b) All living beings
  2. (b) Cell, tissue, organ system
  3. (a) Lamarck and Treviranus
  4.  (c) respire all the time
  5. (b) genetics

BiologyChemistryPhysicsMaths

Frank ICSE Class 10 Biology Solutions – Health Organisations

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Frank ICSE Class 10 Biology Solutions – Health Organisations

PAGE NO : 169

Solution 1:

  1. Diptheria, tetanus, malaria, typhoid, rabies etc are diseases caused by pathogens.
  2. Heart disease, Osteoporosis (bones), Parkinson’s disease (CNS) etc are examples of degenerative diseases.
  3. Asthma, hay fever, skin allergies are diseases caused by hypersensitivity.
  4. Kwashiorkor, Marasmus, Beriberi are diseases caused due to malnutrition.
  5. WHO, the World Health Organization, promotes medical education and training.

Solution 2:

  1. WHO: It stands for World Health Organizations. This organization was formed in 1948. It’s headquarter is at Geneva in Switzerland. WHO has more than 135 member states, each of which contributes to its annual budget according to the proportion it can pay. It controls the international projects to eliminate diseases. The form of assistance given by WHO includes providing information regarding epidemic warnings, fighting major diseases, taking care of maternal and child health, improving sanitation and water supplies etc.
  2. Red Cross: It is an international body founded in 1864 to provide medical aid during emergency conditions such as war. The emblem of Red Cross is a red coloured cross painted on a white background. It provides medical help to the victims of war and natural calamities in the form of blood and first-aid. Red Cross also organizes workshops to educate people on prevention of accidents.
  3. The functions of WHO are:
    • It promotes medical education and training to all the countries.
    • It collects information and supplies information about the health, epidemic and endemic diseases all over the world.
    • It encourages research and development of international pharmaceutical products.
    • It suggests quarantine measures to prevent epidemics like plague, cholera etc.
    • WHO also finance international research programmes on health like eradication of malaria, smallpox etc.
  4. Quarantine regulations: Quarantine is the limitation on the freedom of movement of an individual or any material so as to prevent spread of contagious diseases.
    The suspected person or material is detained at the port of entry to prevent disease from entering a country. These quarantine regulations are laid down by WHO and they also decide the validity period of vaccination certificates.
  5. Radiation hazards: X-rays and radiations from atomic energy are harmful to all living organisms as they can cause burns, cancer or even death. To prevent this, WHO keeps all countries informed and up-to-date about radiation hazards and gives particular attention to the training of workers who can deal with these hazards.

Solution 3:

WHO stands for: World Health Organization.

Solution 4:
The two functions of the WHO are:

  1. To provide information on diseases of epidemic nature.
  2. To provide quarantine measures for prevention of spread of diseases.

Solution 5:
The two activities of Red Cross are:

  1. To provide medical aid and relief to the victims of natural calamities.
  2. To provide blood to the victims of war.

Solution 6:

  1. hypersensitivity
  2. antibiotic
  3. deficiency

Solution 7:
Diabetes and Beriberi are two non- communicable diseases.

Solution 8:
The two International health organizations are: WHO (World Health Organization) and Red Cross.

Solution 9:
Following are the reasons for the formation of WHO:
World health Organization is a health organization which works at international level to remove sufferings, promote proper growth and development of children. It was formed with the purpose of coordinating and directing international health work.

PAGE NO : 170

Solution 10:
WHO was established in 1948.

Solution 11:
The headquarters of WHO are located at Geneva in Switzerland.

Solution 12:
The full form of UNO is United Nations Organization.

Solution 13:
The three common diseases prevalent in India are Tuberculosis, Malaria and Dengue.

Solution 14:
The two common water-borne diseases are Jaundice and Cholera.

Solution 15:
The two common air-borne diseases are Common cold and Whooping cough.

Solution 16:
The two common venereal diseases are AIDS (Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome) and Syphilis.

Solution 17:

  1. (b) 1948
  2. (c) April 7
  3. (c) 1981
  4. (b) NCCP
  5. (d) Geneva
  6. (b) 1864
  7. (d) All of these
  8. (b) Tuberculosis
  9. (a) Typhoid
  10. (d) (a) and (c)

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Frank ICSE Class 10 Biology Solutions – Health

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Frank ICSE Class 10 Biology Solutions – Health

PAGE NO : 162
Solution 1:

  1. Disease: Any physical or physiological disorder in normal functioning of any organ or part of body is called disease.
  2. Health: Health is a state of complete mental, physical and social well being.
  3. Vaccinations: It is the practice of introducing vaccine (weakend or killed germs) into the body to develop immunity to a particular disease.
  4. Immunity: It is the ability of the body to resist microorganisms that enter the body and thus prevent diseases.
  5. Antiseptic: Antiseptics are chemicals applied on the body to prevent the growth of microorganisms.
  6. Cancer: Cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the body.
  7. Allergy: Allergy is a hypersensitive state acquired through exposure to a particular allergen such as drugs, pollens or microorganisms.
  8. Hypersensitivity: It refers to undesirable and excessive reactions in response to an allergen produced by the normal immune system.
  9. Immunization: It is the process by which the body is protected against disease by inoculating the person with vaccine.
  10. Disinfectant: Disinfectants are chemicals applied on the spots to prevent the growth of microorganisms.
  11. Penicillin: It is an antibiotic which was discovered firstly from a fungus , Penicillium notatum.
  12. Sulphonamide drugs: Sulphonamide drugs are a group of synthetic drugs which prevent the growth and multiplication of bacteria. They are commonly called as sulpha drugs.
  13. Acquired disease: Acquired diseases are those diseases which are caused by a pathogen or deficiency diseases.
  14. Prophylaxis: A prophylaxis is a measure taken to maintain health and prevent the spread of disease.
  15. Antibiotic: Antibiotics are the chemical substances formed from microorganisms which kill or prevent the growth of disease causing microbes.

Solution 2:
Frank ICSE Class 10 Biology Solutions - Health 1
Frank ICSE Class 10 Biology Solutions - Health 2

Solution 3:
Artificial Respiration: It is a method of first-aid used to restore or maintain respiration in a person who has stopped breathing. The method uses mechanical or manual means to force air into and out of the lungs in a rhythmic fashion.

Solution 4:
DPT: Diphtheria, Pertussis and Tetanus.

Solution 5:
Antigens, that cannot stimulate the immune system of the body of a person, are called haptene.

Solution 6:
The three germ killing secretions of our body are:

  1. Mucus secretions from windpipe
  2. Hydrochloric secretions from stomach
  3. Tears from eyes.

Solution 7:
BCG stands for: Bacillus Calmette Guerin.

Solution 8:

  1. Antiseptic: Antiseptic are mild chemical applied on the body to kill the microorganisms. Example: Halogens (I)
  2. Antibiotic: Antibiotic is a natural chemical substance produced by a microorganism, which inhibits or kills another microorganism. Example: Penicillin

Solution 9:

  1. Passive acquired immunity
  2. Antiseptics

Solution 10:
antibiotic

Solution 11:
Antiseptics are the chemical substances applied on the body to destroy or prevent the growth of microbes. It is harmless to skin and body. For example Alcohols, halogens can be used as antiseptic on skin.

Solution 12:
The two international health organisations are: WHO and Red Cross.

PAGE NO : 163

Solution 13:
Vaccination: It is the practice of artificially introducing the germs or the germ substances into the body for developing resistance to particular disease.

Solution 14:

  1. Disinfectants: Disinfectants are chemicals applied on the spots to prevent the growth of microorganisms. It is a strong germ-killing substance. But it may cause harm to skin and body. Example: Lysol, DDT etc.
  2. Penicillin: Penicillin is the first antibiotic discovered by Alexander Fleming. It is obtained from Penicillium notatum. It has a very high therapeutic value and used against a number of gram positive bacteria including those causing Rheumatic fever , pneumonia , sore throat etc.
  3. Sulphonamides: Sulphonamides popularly called sulpha drugs are a group of synthetic drugs which possess bacteriostatic property because they are able to block the enzyme system of bacteria.
  4. Vaccines: Vaccine is a preparation consisting of dead or weakend microbes which help to build immunity in the human body .When introduced in an individual, a vaccine stimulates the production of antibodies against the particular type of germs.

Solution 15:

  1. proteins that react with antigens or invading germs
  2. antigen
  3. Penicillin, rheumatic fever

Solution 16:

  1. True
  2. False
  3. True
  4. True
  5. False
  6. True
  7. False
  8. True

Solution 17:

  1. (a) Plasma Protein
  2. (b) destroy micro-organisms
  3. (a) I
  4. (c) Jenner
  5. (c) Tuberculosis
  6. (d) 1985
  7. (b) eradicating Polio by 2000.
  8. (c) diphtheria
  9. (b) virus
  10. (c) Small Pox

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Frank ICSE Class 10 Biology Solutions – Human Population

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Frank ICSE Class 10 Biology Solutions – Human Population

PAGE NO : 153
Solution 1:

  1. Population: It is the total number of individuals of a species found in a particular area.
  2. Sanitation: It refers to the formulation and application of measures intended to protect public health.
  3. Deforestation: It is the removal of a forest or stand of trees from an area and thereafter that area is converted to a no forest use.
  4. Birth control: It is an attempt to control the number of births in a family so that a couple may not have more than two children.
  5. Rhythm method: It is a natural method of birth control in which the couple attempts sexual intercourse a week before and a week after the menstrual cycle.
  6. Abstainence: It is the act or practice of refraining from sexual intercourse.
  7. Test-Tube baby: A test tube baby is one which is developed from an egg that was fertilized outside the body and then implanted in the uterus of the biological or surrogate mother.
  8. Birth rate: It is the total number of live births per thousand people of the population per year.
  9. Death rate: It is the number of deaths per thousand people of the population per year.
  10. Population density: It is the total number of individuals of a particular species in relation to unit area at any given time.
  11. Natality: It is the number of live births per thousand people of the population per year.

Solution 2:
Growth rate

Solution 3:
Demography

Solution 4:
The two important methods for birth control are:

  1. Vasectomy
  2. Tubectomy

Solution 5:
The two reasons for the rapid increase of population in India recently:

  1. Advancement of science and technology
  2. Better health care facilities

Solution 6:
The age restrictions for marriages by law for boys and girls in India are:
Boys: 21 years
Girls: 18 years

PAGE NO : 154
Solution 7:

  1. “Our resources cannot keep pace with the rising population”.
    • Population increases geometrically while food production is increasing arithmetically.
    • Rising population is putting heavy pressure on natural resources like water, land forest etc.
    • Fuel shortage is increasing day by day.
  2. The three steps which may be taken towards controlling the rapid rise in human population in India are:
    • Education: People should be educated about the advantages of a small family.
    • Marriageable age: Population can be controlled by raising the age limit for marriage.
    • Family planning: Voluntary family planning using birth control measures and contraceptives can check the growth of population.

Solution 8:
The main drawbacks of a large population are that it may lead to shortage of basic resources like food, water, fuel etc without which life would become impossible. In addition, overcrowding can also cause epidemics, poverty, unemployment etc.

Solution 9:
The steps taken by the Indian government to control population are:

  1. Establishment of health centers to advice and help people about family planning.
  2. Free distribution of barrier contraceptives like condoms.

Solution 10:
The two advantages of a small family are:

  1. Children can be provided with good health and good education along with the basic needs of life.
  2. Living standards of the family can be high.

Solution 11:
Population explosion: The exceptionally high rate of population growth is known as Population explosion.
The consequences of Population explosion may be overcrowding, shortage of resources like food, water, land, fuel etc. It can also result in unemployment, poverty, social unrest, epidemic, violence etc.

Solution 12:
Population density: It is the number of people per square kilometer at any given time.
Tubectomy is the operation made in women to prevent the flow of eggs into the oviduct.

Solution 13:
Following are the two reasons for the decline in death rate in India in recent times:

  1. Advancement in the field of medical science which leads to reduced morality rate.
  2. Longevity provided by better food and health services.

Solution 14:
The symbol of family welfare in our country is an ‘Inverted Red Triangle’.
Frank ICSE Class 10 Biology Solutions - Human Population 1

Solution 15:
Family welfare centres are set up in hospitals and other health centres to advocate small families and to promote family welfare and planning. These centres advice people on issues such as family planning, gap between successive children etc without any cost.

Solution 16:
Following are the methods of fertility control in men and women:
Men: Vasectomy is a method of fertility control in men. In this method, a small portion of vas deferens is cut and is tied at both the ends.
Women: Tubectomy is a method of fertility control in women in which the fallopian tubes are cut and are tied at both the ends.

Solution 17:
Tubectomy is the surgical method of contraception in human female.

Solution 18:

  1. Population density
  2. Mortality

Solution 19:
The resources cannot keep pace with the rising population because:

  1. The demand of resources is much more than the supply. The population is growing at geometric progression (1, 2, 4, 8) while the production of food can increase only arithmetically (1, 2, 3, 4, 5).
  2. New towns and cities coming up to accommodate the growing population are putting strain on the agricultural land.

Solution 20:

  1. False
  2. False
  3. True
  4. True
  5. True

Solution 21:

  1. 2011
  2. Population density
  3. females, males
  4. two
  5. Natality
  6. Mortality
  7. Age ratio

Solution 22:

  1. Frank ICSE Class 10 Biology Solutions - Human Population 2
  2. Vasectomy
  3. Vas deferens
  4. Tubectomy
  5. The part which is ligated in females is Fallopian tube. This is done to prevent the flow of eggs into the oviduct and its fusion with the sperm.

PAGE NO : 155
Solution 23:

  1. (b) 20
  2. (d) 35 years
  3. (d) 7 billion
  4. (c) 840 million
  5. (c ) biotic potential
  6. (c ) loss and gain are equal
  7. (c) decrease in death rate and increase in longevity
  8. (d) copper-T
  9. (d) progesterone
  10. (c) to prevent the presence of sperms in the semen

BiologyChemistryPhysicsMaths

Frank ICSE Class 10 Biology Solutions – Reproductive System

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Frank ICSE Class 10 Biology Solutions – Reproductive System

Solution 1:

  1. Testes
  2. Ovary
  3. Uterus
  4. Oviduct
  5. Fertilization
  6. Parthenogenesis
  7. Testes and ovaries

Solution 2:

  1. penis
  2. vagina
  3. oviduct
  4. female
  5. oviduct

Solution 3:

  1. Ovary: To produce ova and three female sex hormones i.e oestrogen, progesterone and relaxin.
  2. Fallopian tube: To transport eggs from ovary to uterus and it a site of fertilization.
  3. Uterus: To protect and provide nutrients for the developing embryo.
  4. Vagina: To receive the seminal fluid.
  5. Testes: To produce sperms and male sex hormone i.e. testosterone.
  6. Penis: deposition of semen into the female’s vagina.

Solution 4:

  1. Parthenogenesis: It is a type of asexual reproduction in which a female gamete or egg cell develops into an individual without fertilization.
  2. Asexual reproduction: It is the type of reproduction in which the offspring are formed without the production of gametes.
  3. Sexual reproduction: It is the type of reproduction in which the offspring are formed after the fusion of gametes.
  4. Dioceious: It is the individual / organism having male and female reproductive organs in separate individuals.
  5. Monoecious: It is the individual / organism having male and female reproductive organs in the same individual.
  6. Clone: It is a group of genetically identical cells or organisms asexually descended from a common ancestor.

Solution 5:

  1. Parturition: The expulsion of the foetus from the mother’s body is called parturition.
  2. Ovulation: The process of release of an egg from the ovary is called ovulation.
  3. Spermatogenesis: The production and development of sperms is called spermatogenesis.
  4. Gestation: The period in which an embryo develops in the uterus is called gestation.
  5. Implantation: The attachment of developing zygote to the uterine wall is called implantation.

Solution 6:
Frank ICSE Class 10 Biology Solutions - Reproductive System 1

PAGE NO : 142
Solution 7:

  1. Graafian follicle
  2. Uterus
  3. Ovulation is the process of releasing of egg from the ovary.
  4. The hormones secreted by the ovary are: oestrogen and progesterone.

Solution 8:

  1. Peritoneum
  2. Ureter
  3. Backbone
  4. Rectum
  5. Seminal vesicle
  6. Glands
  7. Anus
  8. Vas deferens
  9. Epididymis
  10. Left testis
  11. Scrotum
  12. Penis
  13. Urethra
  14. Vascular erectile tissue
  15. Bladder
  16. Muscular wall of abdomen
    The two functions of part 6 are :

    • Prostate gland secretes an alkaline milky secretion into semen that aids in sperm motility.
    • Cowper’s gland also secretes a lubricant.
  17. The three components of urine are urea, uric acid, amino acids, glucose, sodium, potassium, vitamins etc.
  18. he main function of the part labelled 3 is backbone. Its function is to give support, movement and protection to the spinal cord.

Solution 9:
Frank ICSE Class 10 Biology Solutions - Reproductive System 2

Solution 10:

  1. Graafian follicle
  2. Seminal vesicles and prostate gland
  3. Uterus
  4. Parturition
  5. Oviduct

PAGE NO : 143
Solution 11:

  1. Fallopian tube
  2. Funnel like opening
  3. Uterus
  4. Sacrum
  5. Rectum
  6. Cervix
  7. Anus
  8. Vagina
  9. Front of pelvis
  10. Bladder
  11. Muscular uterine wall
  12. Muscular wall of abdomen
  13. Peritoneum
  14. Normally, after 28 days an ovary releases an egg.
  15. During coitus, sperm are released in the vagina.
  16. After ejaculation in vagina, sperms undergo fertilization where it fuses with an ovum of female to form zygote.
  17. The function of sacrum is to protect the pelvic organs or reproductive organs of female.
  18. The gestation period in human is 280 days.

Solution 12:

  1. False
  2. False
  3. True
  4. False
  5. True

Solution 13:
False.
Pregnancy in women can be prevented by the method of tubectomy.

Solution 14:
Amnion.

Solution 15:

  1. Menarche
  2. Ovulation
  3. Menstruation
  4. Fertilization
  5. Implantation

Solution 16:

  1. (b) continuity of race
  2. (b) asexual reproduction
  3. (b) female gamete
  4. (c) Parthenogenesis
  5. (b) vagina
  6. (c ) castration
  7. (b) oviduct
  8. (c ) puberty
  9. (b) menarche
  10. (c ) 20-30C below the body temperature
  11. (d) menarche
  12. (b) 10 days

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Frank ICSE Class 10 Biology Solutions – Endocrine System

by

Frank ICSE Class 10 Biology Solutions – Endocrine System

PAGE NO :128
Solution 1:

  1. Pituitary gland
  2. Somatotrophin
  3. Thyroxine
  4. Pancreas
  5. Liver
  6. Adrenal gland
  7. Adenohypophysis
  8. Neurohypophysis
  9. Thyroxine

Solution 2:

  1. Somatotrophic Hormone – It is essential for the normal growth of an organism.
  2. Thyroid stimulating hormone – It stimulates the activity as well as the growth of thyroid glands.
  3. Adrenocorticotrophic hormone – It stimulates the activity of adrenal cortex.
  4. Gonadotrophic hormone – It promotes the growth of ovarian follicles in females and the growth of sperms in males.
  5. Insulin hormone – It lowers the blood sugar level.
  6. Corpus luteum – It secretes progesterone.
  7. Glucagon hormone – It raises the blood sugar level.

Solution 3:

  1. Insulin
  2. STH
  3. Islets of Langerhans
  4. STH
  5. Insulin

Solution 4:

  1. FSH – Follicle stimulating hormone
  2. LTH – Luteotropic hormone

Solution 5:
Frank ICSE Class 10 Biology Solutions - Endocrine System 1

PAGE NO :129
Solution 6:

  1. (b)
  2. (c)
  3. (a)
  4. (e)
  5. (d)

Solution 7:

  1. True
  2. False
  3. False
  4. False
  5. False

Solution 8:

  1. Hormone – The secretions of endocrine glands which are carried by blood to the target organs are called hormones.
  2. Endocrine gland – The glands without ducts which secrete hormones are called endocrine glands.
  3. Exocrine gland – The glands with ducts which secrete enzymes are called exocrine glands.
  4. Hypothyroidism – It is the under secretion of thyroxine by thyroid gland which leads to retarded growth and mental development in infants.
  5. Hyperglycemia – Increase in blood sugar level is called hyperglycemia.
  6. Hypersecretion – The over activity of any gland leads to over secretion of hormones called hypersecretion.

Solution 9:
Frank ICSE Class 10 Biology Solutions - Endocrine System 2

Solution 10:

  1. Diabetes mellitus – Diabetes mellitus is a disease caused by the deficiency of insulin hormone.
  2. Beta cells – Beta cells are the cells of pancreas that secrete insulin.
  3. Exophthalmic goitre – The over activity of thyroid gland leads to its enlargement, producing a big swelling in the neck region called exophthalmic goiter.
  4. Releasing hormones – A substance produced by the hypothalamus that is capable of accelerating the secretion of a given hormone by the anterior pituitary gland.

Solution 11:
Frank ICSE Class 10 Biology Solutions - Endocrine System 3

Solution 12:
Insulin secreted by pancreas controls the level of glucose in blood.

Solution 13:
Adrenaline is called an emergency hormone because it brings rapid physiological responses to emergencies like danger, fear or other situations requiring vigorous action.

Solution 14:
Frank ICSE Class 10 Biology Solutions - Endocrine System 4

Solution 15:
Frank ICSE Class 10 Biology Solutions - Endocrine System 5
Frank ICSE Class 10 Biology Solutions - Endocrine System 6
Frank ICSE Class 10 Biology Solutions - Endocrine System 7
Solution 16:

  1. Exophthalmic goitre – It is caused due to over activity of thyroid gland.
    Symptoms are – Enlargement and protrusion of the gland below the chin, increased pulse rate, nervousness and bulging of the eyes.
  2. Diabetes mellitus – It is caused due to less secretion of the insulin hormone.
    Symptoms are – Frequent urination, Sudden weight gain or weight loss, Excessive thirst and hunger.

Solution 17:
In hilly region, water has less iodine which is required for the production of thyroxine. So due to the deficiency of thyroxine, people suffer from goiter.

Solution 18:
Insulin is a protein hormone and if it is given orally it would be digested upon by the protein digesting enzymes in the alimentary canal.

Solution 19:

  1. The endocrine cells present in pancreas are: alpha cells, beta cells and delta cells.
  2. Insulin and glucagon.
  3. Insulin – It lowers the glucose level in the blood.
  4. Glucagon – It raises the level of glucose in the blood.

Solution 20:

  1. Adrenaline
  2. Insulin
  3. Glucagon
  4. Thyroxine
  5. Calcitonin
  6. Adrenaline
  7. Growth stimulating hormone
  8. Sex corticoids
  9. Antidiuretic hormone
  10. Non adrenaline

Solution 21:

  1. (b) Diabetes
  2. (b) Adrenal gland
  3. (d) Pancreas
  4. (b) Gigantism
  5. (a) Insulin
  6. (b) Liver
  7. (c) Target
  8. (c) under secretion of insulin
  9. (a) beta cells of pancreas
  10. (d) glucagon
  11. (c) progesterone

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