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Selina Concise Physics Class 6 ICSE Solutions – Light

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APlusTopper.com provides step by step solutions for Selina Concise ICSE Solutions for Class 6 Physics. You can download the Selina Concise Physics ICSE Solutions for Class 6 with Free PDF download option. Selina Publishers Concise Physics for Class 6 ICSE Solutions all questions are solved and explained by expert teachers as per ICSE board guidelines.

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Selina Concise ICSE Solutions for Class 6 Physics Chapter 5 Light

• Synposis
• Light itself is not visible, but in the presence of light other objects become visible A.
• Light is defined as the external physical cause that affects the eye to produce the sensation of vision.
• Two types of sources of light are:
  (1) Natural sources such as sun, stars andjugnu.
  (2) Artificial sources such as fire, electric lamp, electric tube light, a burning candle, a kerosene lamps heated bodies, etc.
• The bodies which themselves emit light are called luminous bodies. Examples: torch, electric lamps electric tube light, burning candle, kerosene lamp, sun, stars. Jugnu etc.
• The bodies which do not emit light by their own, but they become visible because of the light falling on them from a luminous body, are called non-luminous bodies. Examples: moon, earth, table, book, chair etc.
• A medium which allows the passage of light through it easily, is called a transparent medium. Examples: glass, air, water etc.
• A medium which allows only a small amount oflight to pass through it, is called a translucent medium. Examples: ground glass, tracing paper etc.
• A medium which does not allow anydight to pass tough it, is called an opaque medium. Examples: wood, metals etc.
• Light travels in a straight line path. This is called the rectilinear propagation oflight.
• The pin hole camera is a simple application of the rectilinear propa – gation oflight.
• The image (or picture) formed in a pin hole camera is upside down (i.e. inverted). On increasing the distance of screen from the pin hole, the size of image increases.
• The shadow of an opaque object is the dark patch obtained on the screen when that opaque object is placed in the path of light.
• Shadow is formed because light travels in a straight line path.
• The shadow is similar to the shape of the object.
• The part of the shadow where no light reaches from the source is completely dark and is called the umbra.
• The part of the shadow where light reaches from only a portion of the source is partially dark and is called the penumbra.
• There is only umbra in the shadow of an opaque object due to a point source. The umbra is bigger in size than that of the obj ect. The umbra increases in size if the screen is moved away from the object.
• The shadow of an object due to a light source smaller than the object contains an umbra surrounded by a penumbra. The umbra is bigger in size than that of the object. Both the umbra and penum¬bra increase in size as the screen is moved away from the source.
• The shadow of an opaque object due to a light source bigger than the object contains an umbra (which is much smaller in size than the object) surrounded by a penumbra. The umbra diminishes while the penumbra increases in size if the screen is moved away from the object.
• Lunar and solar eclipses are the examples of formation of shadows in nature.
• A lunar eclipse is caused on a certain full moon night when the earth comes in between the sun and the moon so that the earth casts its shadow on the moon.
• A solar eclipse is caused on a certain new moon’s day when the moon comes in between the sun and the earth so that the moon casts its shadow

Test yourself

A. Short Answer Questions

1. Write true or false for each statement

(a) The moon is a natural source of light.
Answer. False

(b) The moon is self luminous.
Answer. False

(c) We can see an object through an opaque medium.
Answer. False

(d) Light passes through glass.
Answer. True

(e) Light travels in a straight line path. .
Answer. True

(f) Image formed in a pin hole camera is real.
Answer. True

(g) The image in a pin hole camera gets blurred if the hole is made bigger.
Answer. True

(h) A shadow is formed because light travels in a straight line path.
Answer. True

(i) Solar eclipse occurs when the sun comes in between the earth and the moon.
Answer. False

(j) If the shadow of earth falls on the moon, the eclipse is called the lunar eclipse.
Answer. True

2. Fill in the blanks

(a) Light gives us the sensation of vision.
(b) The sun is a natural source of light.
(c) A medium through which light cannot pass is called the opaque medium.
(d) A medium which allows light to pass through it easily is called the transparent medium.
(e) Moon is a non-luminous body.
(f) Light travels in a straight line path.
(g) In a pin hole camera, the image formed is inverted and real.
(h) The darkest portion of a shadow is called the umbra.
(i) The less dark portion of a shadow is called the penumbra.
(j) Lunar eclipse occurs when the earth comes in between the moon and the sun.

3. Match the following columns

4. Select the correct alternative

(i) The natural source of light is

1. candle flame
2. electric lamp
3. sun
4. kerosene lamp

(ii) The formation of inverted image in a pin hole camera shows that

1. light enables us to see
2. light travels in a straight line path
3. light can pass through the pin hole
4. light does not pass through the pin hole

(iii) The luminous body is

1. a lighted bulb
2. earth
3. noon
4. table

(iv) Umbra is a region of

1. complete darkness
2. partial darkness
3. complete brightness
4. partial brightness

(v) Penumbra is a region of

1. complete darkness
2. complete brightness
3. partial brightness
4. none of the above

(vi) Solar eclipse occurs on

1. every new moon’s day
2. certain new moon’s day
3. every full moon’s day
4. certain full moon’s day

(vii) Lunar eclipse occurs on

1. every full moon’s night
2. certain full moon’s night
3. every new moon’s day
4. certain new moon’s day

B. Short/Long Answer Questions

Question 1.
What is light ? Define it.
Answer:
Light is a form of Energy i. e. The external physical cause that affects our eye to produce the sensation of vision.

Question 2.
How does light make an object visible ?
Answer:
An object becomes visible to us when the light after striking the object reaches our eyes. Light itself is not visible, but light makes objects visible to us.

Question 3.
Name two natural sources of light.
Answer:
Sun, stars,jugnu, firefly.

Question 4.
List two artificial sources of light.
Answer:
Electric bulb, torch, an oil lamp, fluorescent tube, candle.

Question 5.
Differentiate between the luminous and non-luminous bodies. Give two examples of each.
Answer:
Difference Between
Luminous
The bodies which have light of their own e.g. sun stars, bulb, candle, oil lamp, torch, a lantern.
Non-Luminous
The bodies-which do not have their own Iight.e.g. moon, chair, table. When light falls on them, they become visible.

Question 6.
Is the moon a luminous object ?
Answer:
Moon is not a luminous body, it is nbn-luminous body. It has no light of its own.

Question 7.
What do we call a body that shmes on its own ?
Answer:
The bodies that shines onits ownor whichthemselves emittheir own light are called the luminous bodies.

Question 8.
What do we call an electric bulb producing light ?
Answer:
Luminous object.

Question 9.
What is a transparent medium ? Give two examples.
Answer:
Amedium which allows the passage of light through it easily,is called a transparent medium.
Examples: glass, air, water etc.

Question 10.
Explain the difference between a transparent, a translucent and an opaque medium. Give two examples of each.
Answer:

1. Transparent objects — Those objects through which light can pass easily are called transparent obj ects. e.g. Water, glass, air.
2. Translucent object— The ohj ect through which light can pass partially are called translucent object, e.g. tracing paper, waxed paper.
3. Opaque object— The objects which do not allow the light to pass through are called opaque objects, e.g. wood.

Question 11.
What do we call a substance through which we cannot see light ? Give an example of such a substance.
Answer:
A substance through which we cannot see light is called an opaque medium.
Examples:  Wood, metals, butter paper and black paper etc.

Question 12.
What do we call a substance through which light passes ? Give an example of such a substance.
Answer:
A substance through which light passes is called a transparent substance.
Examples: glass, air, water etc.

Question 13.
Can a transparent medium form an image ? Explain your answer.
Answer:
No, a transparent medium cannot form image. All the light that passes through a transparent medium completely pass through the substance. For the formation of image it is must that the light rays get reflected through the surface.

Question 14.
How can you obtain a point source of light ?
Answer:
A point source of light is obtained either by placing a screen having a fine hole, in front of die luminous body or by placing the luminous body inside a box having a fine hole on one of its side.

Question 15.
Define the terms : a ray of light and a beam of light.
Answer:
The light travelling in any one direction in a straight line is called a ray of light.

A group of light rays given out from a source is called a beam of light

Question 16.
What do you mean by ‘rectilinear propagation of light’ ?
Answer:
Light travels in a straight line path. This is called the rectilinear propagation of light.

Question 17.
Describe an experiment to show that light travels in a straight line path.
Answer:
Take three cardboards A, B and C each about 25 cm square. Take a pin and make a small hole in each cardboard at the same height. Suspend the cardboard pieces by separate threads vertically from a support such that each hole is at the same height, as shown. Pass a string through the holes and pull it taut. This makes the three holes in a straight line. Now take out the string.
Place a lighted candle near one of the cardboards (say A). Look at the candle flame from the other side of the cardboard C. The candle flame is clearly seen.
Now slightly displace one of the cardboards (say B) so that the holes no longer remain in a straight line. Again look at the candle flame from the other side of the cardboard C. You do not see the candle flame. The reason is that light travels in a straight line and now the holes in the cardboards A, B and C are not in a straight line.
Conclusion: Light travels in a straight line path called the rectilinear propagation of light.

Question 18.
In which of the following two arrangements (a) and (b) shown in the diagram, you can see the light of the bulb ? Explain Your answer

Answer:
We can see the light of the bulb in the arrangement (a).
This is so because in arrangement ‘a’ the rod is straight and light travels in a straight line path.
Whereas in arrangement ‘b’ the rod is bent. So the light cannot pass through it.

Question 19.
Name a simple application of the rectilinear propagation of light
Answer:
The simple applications of rectilinear propagation of light are pin hole camera, formation of shadows and elipses.

Question 20.
What is a pin hole camera ? Draw a neat and labelled diagram to show the formation of image of a lighted candle by it.
Answer:
The pin hole camera is a simple application of the rectilinear propagation of light.

Question 21.
Explain the formation of image of a luminous object in a pin hole camera with the aid of a neat diagram.
Answer:
When a luminous object AB, such as a lighted candle, is placed in front of the pin hole, an inverted picture A’ B’ of the candle is
obtained on the tracing paper. This picture A’ B’ is called the image. The image obtained is upside down (i. e. inverted). The reason is that the light travels in a straight line path. Hence light from the upper point A of the candle passes through the pin hole and strikes
the tracing paper at A’. Similarly, light from the lower point B of the candle passes through the pin hole and strikes the tracing paper
(or screen) at B’. Light from all the other points between A and B, on passing through the pin hole strikes the tracing paper in between
A’ and B’. As a result, an inverted image of the candle is seen on the tracing paper Fig shows the simple ray diagram for die formation of image.

Question 22.
State two factors which affect the size of image formed in a pin hole camera.
Answer:
Factors affecting the size of the image :
The size of image depends on the following two factors:

1. The distance of screen (i.e. tracing paper) from the pin hole, and
2. The distance of obj ect (i.e. candle) in front of the pin hole.

Question 23.
Is the image obtained in a pin hole camera erect or inverted ? Give reason for your answer.
Answer:
Image obtained in a pin hole camera is inverted.
The reason is that the light travels in a straight line path. Hence light from the upper point of the candle passes through the pin hole and strikes the tracing paper in the lower point. Similarly light from the lower point of the candle passes through the pin hole and strikes the tracing paper at the upper point.

Question 24.
How is the image affected in a pin hole camera when another fine hole is made near the first pin hole ?
Answer:
If another pin hole is made near the first pin hole, two images are formed on the screen, one due to each of the two pin holes. If the holes are very close, the two images tend to overlap each other. As a result, a blurred image will be seen.

Question 25.
State the effect on the image in a pin hole camera if

1. The hole is made bigger.
2. The luminous object is moved towards the pin hole.
3. The length of the pin hole camera is increased (le. the screen is moved away from the pin hole).

Answer:

1. If the hole is bigger than a pin hole, again a blurred image in seen. The reason is that a bigger hole is equivalent to a large number of pinholes. Each pin hole produces one image. These images overlap each other resulting in a blurred image.
2. If the object is moved towards the pin hole the size of the image increases.
   The size of image / The size of object = Distance of screen from pin hole / Distance of object from pin hole
3. When the length of the pin hole camera is increased. C is the screen is moved away from the pinhole, the size of image also increases.

Question 26.
What is a shadow ? Give a reason for its formation.
Answer:
Shadow : When light falls on an opaque object, light is obstructed and a dark patch on a screen kept behind is called shadow. This is because light propagates in straight line. If distance between obj ect and screen is less, the shad o w will be (umbra) dark and smaller.
If the distance is increased shadow will be dim and larger.

Question 27.
Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of shadow of an opaque object by a point source of light. How is the size of shadow affected if the screen is moved away from the object?
Answer:

If we move the screen away from the object, the shadow increases in size.

Question 28.
State two differences between an umbra and a penumbra.
Answer:
Umbra

1. It is the portion of shadow where no light reaches from the source of light due to the opaque object.
2. It is completely dark.

Penumbra
It is the portion of shadow where a portion of light from the source of light reaches the shadow even in the presence of the opaque object in between them.
It is not completely dark, but is dim (or less bright).

Question 29.
Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of umbra alone.
Answer:
Formation of umbra alone.

Question 30.
Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of umbra and penumbra both. Label the parts umbra and penumbra in your diagram.
Answer:
If your move the screen away from the object, the shadow increases in size. Formation of umbra and penumbra both.

Question 31.
In each of the following diagrams, draw rays to form umbra and penumbra on the screen.
(a)

(b)

Answer:
(a)A’B’—umbra
Umbra alone is obtained on the screen when the opaque object is illuminated by a point source of light.

(b)

EF is Penumbra CD is umbra.

Question 32.
State the conditions when only the penumbra of an opaque object is obtained on the screen.
Answer:
If the size of source of light is bigger than the size of the opaque object, the size of umbra is very small. If the screen is moved away from the object, the umbra vanishes and only the penumbra remains.

Question 33.
Why is it that the birds flying in the sky do not cast their shadow on the earth ?
Answer:
We do not see the shadow of a bird flying high up in air because in their shadow, the umbra is absent and the penumbra is too large and too faint that it is not visible as the distance of screen (i.e. earth) is very large from the object (i.e. bird).

Question 34.
Why are shadows at noon shorter than in the morning or in the evening ?
Answer:
At noon the sun is directly overhead. So, the sun rays fall vertically on the body. Hence the shadow is very short. In the morning and evenings, the sun rays fall in an inclined position. So, the shadows are long.

Question 35.
What is an eclipse ? Name the two types of eclipses.
Answer:
Eclipses are the examples of formation of shadows in nature. There are two kinds of eclipses:

1. Lunar eclipse (the eclipse of the moon), and
2. Solar eclipse (the eclipse of the sun).
   Lunar eclipse is due to the formation of shadow of earth on moon and solar eclipse is due to the formation of shadow of moon on earth.

Question 36.
When does a lunar eclipse take place ? Does it occur on every full moon’s night ?
Answer:
A lunar eclipse occurs when the earth comes in between the sun and moon and casts its shadow on moon. On a full moon night, the moon rises in the east after sun sets in the west. On such a night, the sun and moon are on the opposite sides of the earth. The shadow of the earth falls on the surface of the moon therefore moon is not visible to us. This is lunar eclipse as shown in the figure.

Question 37.
Draw a diagram to show the formation of lunar eclipse.
Answer:

Question 38.
When does a solar eclipse take place ? Does it occur on even’ new moon’s day ?
Answer:
Solar eclipse— On a certain moon’s day the moon, happens to come in between the sun and the earth. They come in a straight line. In such a situation, the moon being smaller in size casts its shadow only on a limited region on the earth. In these regions of the earth, the solar eclipse occurs.

Question 39.
Draw a diagram to show the formation of solar eclipse.
Answer:

Question 40.
What is annular solar eclipse ? Draw a labelled diagram to show its formation.
Answer:
An annular solar eclipse occurs when only the tip of the umbra of the moon falls on the earth. From the point D, the sun will appear to be completely obstructed by the moon, only the outer rim of the sun, called corona, is then visible for a very short time which is known as the diamond ring. The formati on of annular solar eclipse is shown below.

Selina Concise Physics Class 7 ICSE Solutions – Sound

ICSE SolutionsSelina ICSE SolutionsML Aggarwal Solutions

APlusTopper.com provides step by step solutions for Selina Concise ICSE Solutions for Class 7 Physics. You can download the Selina Concise Physics ICSE Solutions for Class 7 with Free PDF download option. Selina Publishers Concise Physics for Class 7 ICSE Solutions all questions are solved and explained by expert teachers as per ICSE board guidelines.

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Selina Concise ICSE Solutions for Class 7 Physics Chapter 6 Sound

• Points to Remember
•  Sound is a form of energy which produces the sensation of hearing.
•  Sound requires a medium to travel. It cannot travel in vacuum.
•  Sound travels in all directions. Sound can travel through solids, liquids and gases.
•  Sound travels faster in solids than in liquids and gases.
•  The loudness of sound is measured on a special scale called the decibel scale.
•  Sound is classified into two groups. (i) Musical sound, (ii) Noise.
•  Musical sound is produced by periodic vibrations.
•  Noise is produced by non-periodic motions.
•  What the sound gets repeated after reflection from a distant body, is called an echo.
•  Multiple echoes are called reverberations.
•  Sonar is method used to measure the depth of a sea and is based on the principle of echo.
•  Music is pleasent to hear and is caused by periodic vibrations.
•  Noise is irritating and is produced by an irregular pattern of waves.
•  The three characteristics of sound are loudness, pitch, quality or timbre.
•  Loudness depends upon many factors, e.g. amplitude, distance, waves of vibrating body, humidity, pressure, wind velocity etc.
•  Pitch depends on the frequency of sound. Higher is the pitch, shriller is the sound.
•  Loudness is merely a sensation.

Test Yourself

A. Objective Questions 

1. Write true or false for each statement

(a) Sound can travel in vacuum.
Answer. False.
Correct — Sound requires medium to travel.

(b) Sound is a form of energy.
Answer. True.

(c) Sound can only be produced by vibrating bodies.
Answer. True.

(d) Larger is the amplitude, feeble is the sound.
Answer.False.
Correct — Larger the amplitude, greater is the sound.

(e) The frequency is measured in hertz.
Answer. True.

(f) Loudness depends on frequency.
Answer. False.
Correct — Loudness depends on the amplitude.

(g) Waveforms of two different stringed instruments can be the same.
Answer. False.
Correct—Waveforms of two different stringed instruments cannot be the same.

(h) Female voice is shriller than the male voice.
Answer. True.

(i) A ticking clock sound is heard late when heard through a metal.
Answer. False.
Correct—A ticking clock sounds is heard early when heard through a metal.

2. Fill in the blanks

(a) Sound is produced when a body vibrates.
(b) The number of times a body vibrates in one second is called its frequency.
(c) The pitch of a sound depends on its frequency.
(d) Sound can travel in a medium solid, liquid or gas.
(e) We can hear sounds of frequency in the range of 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz.
(f) Sound requires a medium for propagation.
(g) Sound travels faster in solids than in liquids.
(h) The sound heard after reflection is echo.
(i) Sound produces sensation in ears.

3. Match the following

4. Select the correct alternative 

(a) We can distinguish a shrill sound from a flat sound by its

1.  amplitude
2.  loudness
3.  pitch
4.  none of the above.

(b) We can hear sound of frequency

1.  10 Hz
2.  500 Hz
3.  100,000 Hz
4.  50,000 Hz

(c) Sound cannot travel in

1.  gases
2.  liquids
3.  solids
4.  vacuum

(d) The minimum distance required between the source and the reflector so as to hear the echo in air is

1.  10 m
2. 17 m
3.  34 m
4.  50 m

(e) Wavelength is measured in

1.  kg
2.  second
3.  litre
4. metre

(f) The speed of sound in water is

1.  332 m
2. 1500 m
3.  5000 m s
4.  1000 m s

(g) Sound travels the fastest in

1.  liquids
2.  solids
3.  gases
4.  vacuum

B. Short/Long Answer Questions

Question 1.
What do you mean by a vibratory motion ?
Answer:
The oscillatory motion in which the body assumes a new shape during its motion, is called the vibratory motion.

Question 2.
What is sound ?
Answer:
Sound is a form of energy which produces the sensation of hearing.

Question 3.
How is sound produced ?
Answer:
Sound is produced by vibrating bodies.

Question 4.
Describe an experiment to show that each source of sound is a vibrating body.
Answer:
Sound is produced when a body vibrates. In other words, each source of sound is a vibrating body. This can be demonstrated by the following experiment.
Take a ruler. Press its one end on the table with the left hand as shown in figure. Pull down the other end of the ruler with the right hand and then leave it.
You will notice that the ruler vibrates i.e., the ruler moves to and fro and a humming sound is heard.
After some time, the ruler stops vibrating. No sound is then heard.

This shows that the humming sound is produced only because of the vibrations of the ruler.

Question 5.
Name two sources of sound.
Answer:
Each vibrating body is a source of sound. We, the human beings, produce sound when our vocal cords vibrate on blowing air through them by our lungs. Some animals like birds, frogs etc., also produce sound due to vibration of their vocal cords. But bees do not have the voice-boxes. They produce sound by moving their wings up and down very fast.

Question 6.
How do we produce sound ?
Answer:
Our throat has a larynx. The voice is produced in the larynx. Larynx is also called the voice box. It is designed to produce voice. It is a box like structure with walls of tough tissues. Inside two folds of the tissue, there is a gap. They are the vocal cords. When we breathe, the vocal cords become loose and the gap between them increases. When we talk, shout or sing, the cords become tight and hence they vibrate, thus produce sound. Given figure shows the part of the body which vibrates to produce sound.

Question 7.
The bees do not have voice-boxes. How do they produce sound ?
Answer:
The bees do not have the voice-boxes. Still they produce sound.
This happens by the vibrations produced by the quick movement of their wings. Bees buzz while flying and depositing pollen among flowers.

Question 8.
Can sound travel through a vacuum ? Describe an experiment to explain your answer.
Answer:
Experiment — Arrange an electric bell, a glass bell jar, a vacuum pump, a battery and a switch as shown in the figure. When the circuit is closed by pressing the switch, the bell starts ringing and sound can be heard. Now remove the air from the jar with the help of vacuum pump. The loudness of the sound gradually decreases and a stage comes when no sound is heard. Sound requires a medium to travel but cannot travel in vacuum.

Connect the bell to a battery through a switch. On pressing the switch, the bell starts ringing and a sound is heard. The sound reaches us through the air in the jar.
Now start the vacuum pump. It withdraws the air from the jar. You will notice that as the jar is evacuated, the sound becomes feeble and feeble. After some time when no air is left within the jar, no sound is heard. However, the hammer of the electric bell can be still seen striking the gong. The reason is that when no air is left in the jar, the sound does not reach us, although the bell is still ringing (or vibrating).
Thus, sound cannot travel through a vacuum.

Question 9.
Describe an experiment to show that sound can travel in water.
Answer:
Take a tub filled with water. Hold a bell in one hand and dip it in water. Keep one of your ears gently on the surface of water without letting water into the ear. Now ring the bell inside water. You will be able to hear the sound clearly. This shows that sound can travel through liquids.

Question 10.
Describe an experiment to show that sound can travel in a solid.
Answer:
Take two empty ice-cream cups. Make a small hole at the bottom of each cup and pass a long thread (about 20 m long) through them. Tie a knot or match-stick at each end of the thread so that the thread does not slip out through the holes. This makes a toy – telephone

Now use the toy-telephone as shown in figure and talk to your friend. You will be able to hear the sound of your friend. This shows that sound travels through the thread and reaches your ear. Thus, sound can travel through a solid.

Question 11.
Can two person hear each other on moon’s surface ? Give reason to support your answer.
Answer:
No, we cannot hear each other since sound requires medium for transmission. It cannot travel through vacuum.

Question 12.
What is a longitudinal wave ?
Answer:
In a longitudinal wave, the particles of air vibrate to and fro about their mean positions in the direction of travel of sound.

Question 13.
Define the following terms :
Amplitude, Time period, Frequency.
Answer:

(a) Amplitude (A) : The maximum displacement of a wave on either side of its mean position is called Amplitude. A = XY is amplitude.
(b) Time Period (T) : Time taken to complete one vibration is called Time Period, i.e. from A to B

(c) Frequency (f) or u
Number of oscillations made by a wave in one second is known as its frequency.

Question 14.
Write the audible range of frequency for the normal human ear.
Answer:
The range of frequency from 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz is called the audible range for the normal human ear.

Question 15.
What are ultrasonics ? Can you hear the ultrasonic sound ?
Answer:
Sounds of frequency higher than 20,000 Hz are called the ultrasonics. We cannot hear the ultrasonic sounds.

Question 16.
What are infrasonics ? Can you hear them ?
Answer:
Sounds of frequency lower than 20 Hz are called the infrasonics. We cannot hear the infrasonic sounds.

Question 17.
How does a bat make use of ultrasonics waves to find its way?
Answer:
Use of ultrasonics by bats : Bats have no eyes. But they easily move about without colliding with any object (or obstacle). The reason is that they produce ultrasonic sound as they fly. When this ultrasonic sound comes back after reflection from any object (or obstacle) in their way, they hear it and thus they detect the presence of the object (or obstacle).

Question 18.
Name the two characteristics of sound which differentiate two sounds from each other.
Answer:
A sound wave is characterized by its amplitude and frequency. Depending upon the (amplitude and frequency of the sound wave, the following two characteristics of sound :
(1) Loudness, and (2) Pitch.

Question 19.
On what factor does the loudness of a sound depend ?
Answer:
The loudness of a sound depends on the amplitude of vibration of the vibrating body producing the sound.

Question 20.
How does the loudness of sound produced depend on the vibrating area of the body ?
Answer:
The loudness of sound also depends on the area of the vibrating body. Greater the area of the vibrating body, louder is the sound produced.
If you take two drums, one small and the other big, and beat both of them to produce vibrations in them, We will notice that the sound produced from the big drum is louder than that produced from the small drum. In temples, you must have noticed that the bell with a big case produces a louder sound than that with a small case.

Question 21.
The outer case of the bell in a temple is made big. Give a reason.
Answer:
The outer case of the bell in a temple is made big. So that there is multiple reflection of sound and the sound can be amplified.

Question 22.
State the factors on which the pitch of a sound depends.
Answer:
The pitch of a sound depends on its frequency (i.c., on the frequency of the vibrating body).

Question 23.
Differentiate between a high pitch sound and a low pitch sound.
Answer:
Higher the pitch, the shriller is the sound. Lower the pitch, the flat (or grave) is the sound.

Question 24.
How does a man’s voice differ from a woman’s voice ?
Answer:
A female voice is shriller than a male voice because of higher frequency. Higher is the frequency, shriller is the sound. Female has higher frequency.

Question 25.
Name the characteristic which differentiates two sounds of the same pitch and same loudness.
Answer:
The quality is the characteristic of sound which distinguishes the two sounds of the same pitch and same loudness.

Question 26.
You recognize your friend by hearing his voice on a telephone. Explain.
Answer:
We can recognize our friend by hearing his voice on a telephone due to quality of sound and pitch of sound.

Question 27.
A musician recognizes the musical instrument by hearing the sound produced by it, even without seeing the instrument. Which characteristic of sound makes this possible ?
Answer:
It is the pitch and quality that helps a musician recognize the musical instrument by hearing the sound produced by it, even without seeing the instrument.

Question 28.
Describe an experiment to show the production of sound having low and high pitch.
Answer:
Take few rubber bands some thicker and longer, few thinner and of shorter length. Cut and stretch these rubber bands by holding one end of the string in your mouth under the teeth and the other end in your hand. Now pluck these rubber bands one by one. The rubber bands thicker and longer will produce sound with a lower pitch. The rubber bands thinner and shorter will produce sound with a higher pitch.

Question 29.
How does a musician playing on a flute change the pitch of sound produced by it ?
Answer:
In musical instruments like flute and clarinet, the pitch of sound is changed by changing the length of vibrating air column when different holes in it are closed.

Question 30.
Why are musical instruments provided with more than one string ?
Answer:
The stringed instruments are provided with a number of strings of different thickness and under different tensions so that each string produces sound of a different pitch.

Question 31.
How can the pitch of sound produced in a piano be changed ?
Answer:
In a piano, the string is struck to make the string vibrate and produce sound. The pitch of sound produced can be changed by stretching or loosening the strings of piano.

Question 32.
Explain why you can predict the arrival of a train by placing your ear on the rails without seeing it.
Answer:
The sound produced by the moving wheels of train travels much faster through the track than through the air. Therefore they hear through the track much before it is heard through the – air.

Question 33.
Write the approximate speed of sound in (i) air, (ii) water and (iii) steel.
Answer:

Question 34.
During a thunderstorm, the sound of a thunder is heard after the lightning is seen. Why ?
Answer:
The velocity of light is 3 × 10⁸ m/s whereas velocity of sound is 332 m/s. First we see the flash of light and then we hear the thunder.

Question 35.
Describe an experiment to estimate the speed of sound in air.
Answer:
To estimate the speed of sound in air suppose we choose two  hills A and B about a kilometer apart. A person at the hill A fires  a gun. Another person at the hill B starts a stop watch as he sees the flash of the fire and stops it on hearing the sound. Thus, he measures the time interval between the seeing of flash and hearing of the sound. Let it be t second. Then measure the distance between the hills A and B. Let it be S metre.

Experimentally, it is found that the speed of sound in air is nearly 330 m s^-1

Question 36.
Can sound travel through solids and liquids ? In which of these two does it travel faster ?
Answer:
Sound travels with highest speed in — solids.
and Sound travels with lowest speed in — gases.

Question 37.
What do you mean by reflection of sound ?
Answer:
Reflection of Sound— When a sound wave strikes a rigid surface, it retraces from its path is called reflection of sound.

Question 38.
State one use of reflection of sound.
Answer:
The reflection of sound is used in making the speaking tube (or megaphone), sound board and trumpet.

Question 39.
What is echo ?
Answer:
Echo is the sound heard after reflection from a rigid surface such as a cliff, a hillside, the wall of a building etc.

Question 40.
What minimum distance is required between the source of sound and the reflecting surface to hear an echo ? Give reason.
Answer:
Since sound has to travel an equal distance in going up to the reflecting surface and in coming back from the reflecting surface, therefore it must travel nearly 33/2 = 16.5 m either way. Thus, to hear the echo clearly in air, the reflecting surface should be at a minimum distance of 16.5 m from the source of sound.

Question 41.
List four substances which are good absorbers of sound.
Answer:
When sound falls on sofa, fluffs and light substances such as clothes, papers, thermocol, coating of plaster of paris, carpets, curtains, furniture, wood etc., they absorb the sound to a good extent. These are called good absorbers of sound.

Question 42.
List the measures that you will take when designing a sound-proof room.
Answer:
In order to design such a sound proof room we take the following measures
(1) The roof of the enclosure must be covered by plaster of paris after putting the sheets of thermocol.
(2) The walls of the enclosure should be covered by the wooden strips.
(3) The floor must be laid down by thick carpets.
(4) The machine parts of all the electrical equipments such as fan, air conditioner etc. must be placed outside the enclosure.
(5) Thick curtains should be used to cover the doors and keep them closed.
(6) Thick stripping must be used to cover the openings of doors and windows.

C. Numericals

Question 1.
A boy fires a gun and another boy at a distance of 1020 m hears the sound of firing the gun 3 s after seeing its smoke. Find the speed of sound.
Answer:

Question 2.
A boy on a hill A fires a gun. The other boy on hill B hears the sound after 4 s. If the speed of sound is 330 ms^-1, find the distance between the two hills.
Answer:
Speed, v = 330 ms^-1
t = 4s
Distances = v × t
= 330 × 4s = 1320 m Ans.

Selina Concise Physics Class 7 ICSE Solutions – Energy

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Selina Concise ICSE Solutions for Class 7 Physics Chapter 3 Energy

• Points to Remember
•  Work is said to be done if the applied force on the body moves it. If no motion takes place, no work is said to be done.
•  The amount of work done depends on two factors : (i) on the magnitude of the force applied (greater the force applied, greater is the work done), and (ii) on the distance moved in the direction of force (greater the distance moved, greater is the work done).
•  The work done by a force on a body is equal to the product of the force and the distance moved by the body in the direction of force, i.e. Work done = Force × distance moved in the direction of force Or W = F × d
•  The S.I. unit of work is joule (J), where 1 joule (J) = 1 newton (N) × 1 metre (m)
•  The energy of a body is its capacity (or ability) to do work. The energy of a body in a state is equal to the work done on the body to bring it to that state.
•  The S.I. unit of energy is joule (J).
•  Kinetic energy of a body is the energy possessed by it due to its motion. It is the energy stored when work is done to bring the body in motion.
•  Kinetic energy of a moving body depends on two factors :
  (i) on the mass of the body (greater the mass of the body, greater is its kinetic energy), and (iii) on the speed of the body (more the speed of the body, higher is its kinetic energy).
•  The potential energy changes into the kinetic energy when it is put to use.
•  In transformation of energy, the total sum of useful and non-useful energy obtained after conversion is equal to the energy converted, i.e. the total energy remains conserved.
•  According to the conservation of mechanical energy, if friction is neglected, the total sum of potential energy and kinetic energy remains constant. Examples are : motion of roller coaster, free vertical fall of a body etc.
•  The electricity obtained from the energy possessed by the flowing water is called the hydro-electricity.

Test Yourself

A. Objective Questions 

1. Write true or false for each statement

(a) A man going up has potential energy and kinetic energy both.
Answer. True.

(b) A gum bottle lying on a table has no energy.
Answer. False.
Correct — A gum bottle lying on a table has energy.

(c) In an electric fan, electrical energy changes into the mechanical energy.
Answer. True.

(d) Potential energy changes into kinetic energy when it is put to use.
Answer. True.

(e) One form of energy cannot be converted into another form.
Answer. False.
Correct — One form of energy can be converted into the other form.

(f) There is always some loss of energy in conversion from one form of energy to another form, so the total energy is not conserved.
Answer. False.
Correct — There is always some loss of energy in conversion from one form of energy to the other form, so the total energy is conserved.

(g) The energy of flowing water can be converted into electric energy (electricity).
Answer. True.

2. Fill in the blanks

(a) An electric fan converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.
(b) Cooking gas converts chemical energy into heat energy.
(c) Energy possessed by a compressed spring is potential energy.
(d) The ability to do work is called energy
(e) The energy possessed by a body due to its position is called potential energy.
(f) The energy possessed by a body due to its motion is called kinetic energy.
(g) Green plants convert light energy into chemical energy.
(h) The S.I.unit of energy is joule
(i) An object falling freely from the roof of a multistory building has potential energy and kinetic energy when halfway down the building.

3. Match the following columns

4. Select the correct alternatives 

(a) When we rub our hands

1.  kinetic energy changes into potential energy
2.  mechanical energy changes into heat energy
3.  potential energy changes into kinetic energy
4.  heat energy changes into mechanical energy.

(b) A ball rolling on the ground possesses

1.  kinetic energy
2.  potential energy
3.  no energy
4.  heat energy

(c) The energy stored in an electric cell is

1.  chemical energy
2.  electrical energy
3.  heat energy
4.  mechanical energy.

(d) When a bulb lights up on passing current, the change of energy is

1.  from electrical energy to heat energy
2.  from electrical energy to light energy
3.  from electrical energy to heat and light energy
4.  from electrical energy to mechanical energy.

(e) The correct statement is

1.  Both work and energy have the same units
2.  Potential energy of a body is due to its motion
3.  Kinetic energy of a body is due to its position or state
4.  Kinetic energy can change into potential energy, but potential energy cannot change into kinetic energy.

(f) According to law of conservation of energy, energy changes from one form to another form, but the total energy of that system

1.  increases
2.  decreases
3.  alternates
4.  remains the same

B. Short/Long Answer Questions

Question 1.
Define the term energy.
Answer:
Energy is the capacity of doing work.

Question 2.
State the unit of energy and define it.
Answer:
The energy is measured in the same unit as work. Therefore the S.I. unit of energy is joule (symbol J).
A body is said to possess an energy of one joule if a force of 1 newton moves the body by a distance of 1 metre in the direction of force.
Another unit of energy is calorie (symbol cal) where 1 cal = 4.2 J. A bigger unit is kilo-calorie (symbol kcal) where 1 kcal = 1000 cal.

Question 3.
Name five different forms of energy.
Answer:
The different forms of energy are :
(i) Mechanical energy
(ii) Heat energy
(iii) Light energy
(iv) Chemical energy
(v) Sound energy
(vi) Magnetic energy
(vii) Electrical energy and
(viii) Atomic energy or nuclear energy.

Question 4.
What are the two kinds of mechanical energy.
Answer:
The mechanical energy is found in two forms namely :
(a) The potential energy, and (b) The kinetic energy.

Question 5.
What is potential energy ? State its unit.
Answer:
The energy of a body at rest is called the potential energy. It is defined as follows :
Potential energy of a body is the energy possessed by it due to its state of rest or position. Actually, it is the work spent in bringing the body to that state of rest or position.
It is written as P.E. or U.
The S.I. unit of potential energy is Joules.

Question 6.
Give one example of a body that has potential energy, in each of the following : (i) due to its position, (ii) due to its state.
Answer:
(i) Potential energy of a body is the energy possessed by it due to its state of rest or position. It is the energy stored when work is done on the body to bring it to that state or position.
(ii) Potential energy of a body in the raised (or lifted) position depends on two factors : (1) the mass of the body greater the mass of the body, greater is the potential energy of the body), and (2) the height of the body above the ground (greater the height of the body, greater is its potential energy.)

Question 7.
State two factors on which the potential energy of a body at a certain height above the ground depends.
Answer:
The potential energy of a body in the raised position depends upon the following two factors :
(a) The mass of the body: Greater the mass of the body, greater is the potential energy of the body.
(b) Its height above the ground : Higher the height of the body, greater is its potential.

Question 8.
Two bodies A and B of masses 10 kg and 20 kg respectively are at the same height above the ground. Which of the two has the greater potential energy ?
Answer:
The body B having mass 20 kg has the greater potential energy. This can be explained as follows :
P.E. = mgh .
For both the bodies gravity and height are same so the body with greater mass possesses greater potential energy.

Question 9.
A bucket full of water .is on the first floor of your house and another identical bucket with same quantity of water is kept on the second floor. Which of the two has greater potential energy ?
Answer:
A bucket full of water kept on second floor has the greater potential energy. This can be explained as follows :
P.E. = mgh
Mass of both bucket and the gravitational force are same, so the body at greater height will possess more potential energy.

Question 10.
Define the term kinetic energy. Give one example of a body which possesses kinetic energy.
Answer:
The energy of a body in motion is called its kinetic energy. It is defined as follows :
Kinetic energy of a body is the energy possessed by it due to its state of motion.
Actually, it is the work done on the body bringing it to the state of motion. In short form it is written as K.E. or K.
Example : In a swinging pendulum moving to and fro, the bob has the kinetic energy.

Question 11.
State two factors on which the kinetic energy of a moving body depends.
Answer:
The kinetic energy of a moving body depends on the following two factors :
(a) The mass of the body — Greater the mass of the body, higher is its kinetic energy.
(b) The speed of the body — More the speed of the body, higher is its kinetic energy.

Question 12.
Two toy-cars A and B of masses 500 g and 200 g respectively are moving with the same speed. Which of the two has the greater kinetic energy?
Answer:
The toy car ‘A’ of mass ‘500 gm’ has the greater kinetic energy. This can be explained as :
K.E. = 1 / 2 Mv²
Here, both the cars are moving with same speed. So the car with greater mass will possess greater kinetic energy.

Question 13.
A cyclist doubles his speed. How will his kinetic energy change: increase, decrease or remain same ?
Answer:
When a cyclist doubles his speed. His kinetic energy increases four times.
K.E. = 1 / 2 Mv²
When v = doubles the K.E. quadriples

Question 14.
Name the form of energy which a wound up watch spring possess.
Answer:
A wound up watch spring has the potential energy because of its wound up state. As the spring unwinds itself, the potential energy changes into the kinetic energy. This kinetic energy does work in moving the arms of the watch

Question 15.
Can a body possess energy even when it is not in motion ? Explain your answer with an example.
Answer:
Yes, a body possesses energy even when it is not in motion ;
Consider a body raised to a certain height say h. It its velocity is zero. Kinetic energy will be zero but the body will have.
P.E. = mgh
Thus, a body may possess energy even though it is not in motion.

Question 16.
Name the type of energy (kinetic or potential) possessed by the following :
(i) A moving cricket ball.
(ii) A stone at rest on the top of a building.
(iii) A compressed spring.
(iv) A moving bus.
(v) A bullet fired from a gun.
(vi) Water flowing in a river.
(vii) A stretched rubber band.
Answer:
(i) Kinetic energy.
(ii) Potential energy.
(iii) Potential energy.
(iv) Kinetic energy.
(v) Kinetic energy.
(vi) Potential energy.
(vii) Potential energy.

Question 17.
Give one example to show the conversion of potential energy to kinetic energy when put in use.
Answer:
The example to show the conversion of potential energy to kinetic energy when put in use is :
A stone at a height has the potential energy due to its lifted or raised position. In the figure below when the stone is dropped from that position, it begins to fall. The falling stone has the kinetic energy. Thus, the potential energy stored in the stone in its raised position changes into the kinetic energy when the stone is falling. This kinetic energy does work on the nail as the stone strikes the nail arid makes the nail to move into the wood.

Similarly, in the figure below the potential energy possessed by the stone at a height changes into its kinetic energy when it falls, The kinetic energy of the falling stone does work in raising the weight upwards.

Question 18.
State the energy changes that occur in the following :
(i) The unwinding of a watch spring.
(ii) Burning coal while operating a steam engine.
(iii) Lighting of a torch bulb.
(iv) An electric generator (or dynamo).
Answer:
(i) Potential energy to kinetic energy.
(ii) Chemical energy of coal changes to heat energy of the steam. Heat energy changes into mechanical energy.
(iii) Chemical energy into light and heat energy.
(iv) Electrical energy change into mechanical energy.

Question 19.
Energy can exist in several forms and may change from one form to another. Give two examples to show the conversion of energy from one form to another.
Answer:
The examples that show the conversion of energy from one form to another are :
(1) In a steam engine, the chemical energy of the coal first changes into the heat energy of the steam. Then heat jenergy of steam changes into the mechanical energy which makes the train to move.
(2) In an electric motor (or in fan), the electrical energy changes into the mechanical energy. This energy rotates the axle of motor (or the blades of the fan).

Question 20.
Give one relevant example for each of the following transformation of energy :
(i) Electrical energy to heat energy.
(ii) Electrical energy to mechanical energy.
(iii) Electrical energy to light energy.
(iv) Chemical energy to heat energy.
(v) Chemical energy to light energy.
Answer:
(i) In an electric heater, oven, geyser, toaster etc., the electrical energy changes into heat energy.
(ii) An electric generator.
(iii) Tube eight of bulbs.
(iv) Burning of wood, coal etc.
(v) Fire crackers burst

Question 21.
What do you mean by conservation of mechanical energy? State the condition when does it hold.
Answer:
This means “The total MECHANICAL ENERGY (P.E + K.E) of an isolated system at any instant is equal to the sum of kinetic ENERGY and the potential ENERGY.”
Condition : Condition under which the mechanical energy is conserved is “WHEN THERE ARE NO FRICTIONAL FORCES.” In other words the mechanical energy is conserved strictly in vacuum where friction due to air is absent.

Question 22.
Give one example to show that the sum of potential energy and kinetic energy remains constant if friction is ignored.
Answer:
During the vertical fall of ball, if friction due to air is neglected, the total sum of potential energy and kinetic energy at each point of its path remains same.

Question 23.
A ball is made to fall freely from a height. State the kind/ kinds of energy possessed by the ball when it is
(a) at the highest point
(b) just in the middle
(c) at the ground.
Answer:
(a) Potential energy.
(b) Potential energy + Kinetic energy.
(c) Kinetic energy.

Question 24.
State the changes in form of energy while producing hydro electricity.
Answer:
The water in motion in a river or sea has the kinetic energy. The energy possessed by the flowing water is called the hydro energy. The most important use of hydro energy is to produce electricity from it.

Figure shows the principle of a hydroelectric power plant. The flowing water of river is collected in a dam at a high altitude. The water stored in the dam has the potential energy. When water from dam falls on the water turbine, the potential energy of the water stored in dam changes into its kinetic energy and this kinetic energy of water is transferred to the blades of turbine as the kinetic energy which rotates the turbine. As the turbine rotates, it rotates the armature of the generator (or dynamo) to produce electricity.