icse geography class 6 guide

ICSE Solutions for Class 6 Geography Voyage – North America: Climate, Natural Vegetation, Wildlife; Mineral and Power Resources

ICSE SolutionsSelina ICSE SolutionsML Aggarwal Solutions

APlusTopper.com provides step by step solutions for ICSE Solutions for Class 6 Geography Voyage. You can download the Voyage Geography ICSE Solutions for Class 6 with Free PDF download option. Geography Voyage for Class 6 ICSE Solutions all questions are solved and explained by expert teachers as per ICSE board guidelines.

ICSE Solutions Class 6 GeographyHistory & CivicsBiologyChemistryPhysicsMaths

EXERCISES

A. Fill in the blanks with the correct answer.

1. The northern parts of North America are colder than the southern parts.
2. The South Westerlies cause rain throughout the year along the north – west coast in the northern part of North America.
3. The Alaskan Current warms the Alaskan Coast and keeps it frost-free in winter.
4. The tropical regions mainly experience rainfall in the summer season.
5. The prairies are a vast stretch of tall grasses.

B. Match the following

Answer:

C. Select the appropriate term from the list given below to fill in the blank after each statement

• the prairies
• chaparral
• the taiga
• the tundra
• Mediterranean climate

1. An extremely cold region which is treeless, the tundra.
2. A vast stretch of coniferous forests in the cool temperate latitudes, the taiga.
3. The only climate in North America which gets winter rain. Mediterranean climate.
4. Grasslands where the bison are nearing extinction. The Prairies.
5. The scrub-like vegetation found in coastal California. Chaparral.

D. Differentiate between each of the following pairs.

Question 1.
Cool temperate east coast and west coast climates
Answer:
Cool temperate east coast:

1. The cool temperate East coast experiences milder summer and winter due to the influence of the oceans.
2. The region receives abundant rainfall throughout the year, which is more than that received in the cool temperate climatic region.

West coast climates :

1. The cool temperate west coast type experiences summer warms and dry while winters are mild and wet.
2. Receive abundant rainfall throughout the year brought by the Westerly winds.

Question 2.
Warm temperate west coast and east coast climates.
Answer:
Temperate west coast :
This climate type is found just south of the cool temperate west coast climatic region, along a narrow belt on the west coast in California.

• Here, summers are warm and dry, while winters are mild and wet.
• The region comes under the influence of the Westerlies in winter.

East coast climates :

• In this climatic region, summers are warm and winters are mild. Rainfall occurs all year round, but mostly in summer brought by the North-East. Trade Winds blowing from the Atlantic Ocean. The rainfall gradually decreases westwards. The south-eastern part of the continent and the coastal areas around the Gulf of Mexico in the USA experience this type of climate.

Question 3.
Deciduous and coniferous vegetation.
Answer:
Differences between deciduous and coniferous vegetation
Deciduous :

1. They have broad leaves.
2. All trees of one species shed their leaves once a year in the dry season so trees are bare for some time.
3. They yield hardwood.
4. They have wide trunks with wide spread branches at the top.

Coniferous :

1. They have needle – like leaves.
2. The trees do not shed their leaves in any particular season so the forests appear green at all times.
3. They yield softwood.
4. They have tall, slender trunks, wider at the base and tapering at the top.

E. Answer the following questions in brief.

Question 1.
How does the latitudinal extent of North America affect its climate ?
Answer:
North America lies within the temperate zone. Some parts in the north of the continent lie in the frigid zone. So the northern part of the continent is colder than the southern part.

Question 2.
Identify the winds that bring summer rainfall and winter rainfall to North America.
Answer:
North-East Trade Winds and South Westerlies bring rainfall in North America. The North-East Trade Winds bring heavy rainfall to the east coast and southern parts of North America during summer. The South Westerlies, coming from the Pacific Ocean, bring rain throughout the year to places in the north-west of North America and winter rain to places in south-west North America.

Question 3.
Why does the Alaskan Coast remain frost-free in the winter season ?
Answer:
The Gulf Stream in the south-east and the Alaskan Current in the north-west are warm currents. The coastal parts of Alaska are frost-free even in winter because of the Alaskan Current.

Question 4.
Which areas of North America experience the cool temperate or mid-latitude continental type of climate ? Name the type of natural vegetation found here.
Answer:
The interior of North America in the middle latitudes. The southern part of central Canada and the northern part of central USA experience this climate which is characterized by warm summers and cool and cold winters. This region receives moderate rainfall in summer and snow in winter.
The natural vegetation of this region is adapted to withstand the drought conditions. The cork oak, olive, Mediterranean pine, laurel, and cedar are the trees found in this region. Fruit trees such as orange, peach, apricot, lemon, and walnut thrive.

Question 5.
Bring out the difference between the wildlife of the tropical and taiga forests of North America.
Answer:
The tropical regions of Central America have hardwood vegetation consisting mainly of mahogany, palms, rubber, and cocoa trees. These forests are dense and large animals are rare. Instead a variety of birds, monkeys, insects, and reptiles thrive in these forests.

Question 6.
Name the areas of important coal deposits in North America.
Answer:
Coal is mainly found in the Appalachians and is of the high grade bituminous and anthracite variety. Northeastern Pennsylvania, Kentucky, Illinois, and West Virginia are some important coal producing centres. Large deposits of coal are also found in the Rockies of Colorado, Wyoming, and Montana.

F. Answer the following questions in one or two paragraphs.

Question 1.
How do the mountain ranges affect the climate of North America ?
Answer:
In North America, both the Western Cordilleras and the Eastern Highlands extend in a north-south direction parallel to the coast. Thus, in winter, the cold winds from the tundra region can easily reach the interior of the continent as there is no east-west range to block it.
Likewise, in summer, the warm winds from the torrid zone raise the temperature of places situated in the temperate latitudes. The direction of the mountain ranges also cuts off the interior central plains from the maritime influence of the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans.

Question 2.
Write about the climatic characteristics of the hot desert type of climate in North America.
Answer:
The desert climate is mainly found in northern Mexico and in the south-west of the USA.
Where the influence of the rain-bearing Westerlies and the North-East Trade Winds is not felt, a dry climate with very hot summers and little or no rainfall is experienced.

Question 3.
The vegetation of North America is closely related to the climatic conditions. Explain this statement and give examples from any two regions.
Answer:
The great variety of climates has resulted in a great variety of vegetation in North America—tropical forests in Central America, desert vegetation in Mexico and southern USA, Mediterranean vegetation along the Californian Coast, coniferous forests in Canada, and tundra vegetation in the areas of Arctic climate.

Question 4.
Where are the prairies situated ? What are the major human activities in this region ?
Answer:
The prairies are the natural vegetation of the interior parts of North America in the cool temperate latitudes. Very little summer rainfall can support only the rich, tall grasses, which occur in vast stretches. Cattle rearing is, therefore, the main occupation here. But at several places, the grass has been replaced by wheat farms, another major occupation of the region.

Question 5.
Describe the climate and vegetation of the Mediterranean climate region of North America.
Answer:
The west coast of North America, especially the Californian Coast, experiences hot dry summers and cool wet winters. So, the natural vegetation of this region is adapted to withstand the drought conditions. The cork oak, olive, Mediterranean pine, laurel, and cedar are the trees found in this region. Fruit trees such as orange, peach, apricot, lemon, and walnut thrive. Fruit orchards have replaced much of the original scrub-like vegetation called chaparral.

Question 6.
What is natural gas ? What are its uses ?
Answer:
Natural gas is a mixture of hydrocarbons such as methane, ethane, and propane. It is usually found together with petroleum in the same region. It is an important fuel and is used for lighting, heating and generating electricity for industrial and domestic use. Nowadays natural gas is transported by pipelines and in special tankers or barges as liquefied natural gas.

Question 7.
North America has vast water power resources. Explain.
Answer:
North America also has vast water power resources. Large dams have been constructed across rivers such as the Columbia, the Tennessee and the Colorado to produce hydroelectric power. Many power projects have also been developed in the Appalachian and the Rocky Mountains. The Niagara Falls provide water power to both Canada and the USA.

G Map work.
On a blank outline map of North America, do as directed

Question 1.
Show with black arrows the North-East Trade Winds and the South Westerlies.
Answer:

Question 2.
Use red arrows to show the warm ocean currents and blue arrows to show the cold currents that wash the shores of North America in the east and the west.
Answer:
See answer Q.1. above

Question 3.
Make a key and show with different colours the different climates found in North America.
Answer:

Question 4.
In each of the above climatic regions write the name/ names of the tree species that thrive there.
Answer:

1. Arctic or tundra – Mosses, lichens grasses and dwarf bushes.
2. Cold – Continental
3. Cool temperate mid-latitude
4. Cool temperate East Coast
5. Cool temperate West Coast
6. Warm temperate West Coast
7. Warm temperate East Coast
8. Desert : Saguaro (against cactus), coarse grass and creosote brushes.
9. Tropical : Mahogny, palms, rubber and coca trees.

H. Picture study.
1.This is a photograph of the coniferous forests in North America.

Question 1.
Where in North America is this variety of trees found ?
Answer:
California

Question 2.
How do the animals of this region protect themselves from extreme temperatures ?
Answer:
The animals of the region also have thick fur to protect them from extreme cold. Some animals hibernate or sleep all through winters. The thick layers of fat under their skin proves useful during this period.

2. This is a photograph of a famous waterfall in North America.

Question 1.
Name the waterfall seen in the picture.
Answer:
Niagara falls

Question 2.
Which countries get hydroelectricity from this waterfall?
Answer:
Canada and USA

ICSE Solutions for Class 6 Geography Voyage – Maps and Diagrams

ICSE SolutionsSelina ICSE SolutionsML Aggarwal Solutions

APlusTopper.com provides step by step solutions for ICSE Solutions for Class 6 Geography Voyage. You can download the Voyage Geography ICSE Solutions for Class 6 with Free PDF download option. Geography Voyage for Class 6 ICSE Solutions all questions are solved and explained by expert teachers as per ICSE board guidelines.

ICSE Solutions Class 6 GeographyHistory & CivicsBiologyChemistryPhysicsMaths

POINTS TO REMEMBER

• The various ways of representing the earth are globes, maps, pictures, sketches, plans and diagrams.
• A globe is the most accurate three-dimensional, spherical representation of the earth. However, not many details of the earth can be shown on a globe.
• Selected features are shown on a map using different signs, symbols and colours.
• A sketch is a rough drawing showing the relative locations of a few chosen features in an area. They are not drawn to scale.
• Plans are drawn to scale and are very similar to maps. While a map shows a large area, a plan is normally drawn for a small area or a building.
• A scale is the ratio of the distance between two places on a map to the actual distance between the same two places on the ground.
• Map scales are given in three different ways: verbal or statement scale, graphical or linear scale and representative fraction.
• Colourful signs and symbols used in a map to show natural and man-made features are called conventional signs and symbols.

IMPORTANT TERMS

Atlas : Acollection of different types of maps in the form of a book.
Cardinal directions : the four principal directions—north, south, east and west.
Conventional signs and symbols : Internationally recognized signs and symbols used to show natural and man-made features on maps.
Fold : A bending of the earth’s crust due to large scale earth movements.
Globe : An object representing the spherical shape of the earth with a map of the world on its surface, usually on a stand so that it can be rotated.
Map : A drawing of the whole earth or a part of it on a flat surface.
Plan : A drawing that shows the horizontal section of a small area or building accurately.
Scale : The ratio of the distance between two places on a map to the actual distance between the same two places on the ground.
Sketch : A rough drawing showing the relative locations of a few chosen features in an area Trough : The dip of a fold.

THINK AND ANSWER

Do you think it will be easy to understand a map which does not use conventional signs and symbols ? Give reasons for your answer.
Answer:
No, It will be very difficult to understand a map which doesnot use conventional signs and symbols. Maps make use of different signs, symbols and colours to provide distinct information. And it ensures that the information is presented in a clear and concise manner with minimal scope of misinterpretation.

VALUES AND LIFE SKILLS

Maps and sketches are great tools. They help us to navigate our way to our destination. Prepare a sketch of the route you take from your house to your school for the new school bus driver. Do not forget to mark the important places in the route.
Answer:

Exercises

A. Choose the correct answer

1. Which of these is shown by a thematic map ?

1. mountains
2. rivers
3. climate
4. state capitals

2. These maps are useful to surveyors and civil engineers engaged in building roads, bridges, canals, and other structures.

1. physical
2. political
3. topographic
4. thematic

3. This is a true model of the earth.

1. sketch
2. map
3. globe
4. plan

4. This is a rough drawing showing the relative locations of a few features of an area.

1. globe
2. map
3. sketch
4. plan

5. This is a drawing that shows the horizontal section of a small area drawn to scale.

1. sketch
2. plan
3. map
4. globe

6. These are taken from space and show that the earth is spherical in shape.

1. graphs
2. plans
3. aerial photographs
4. sketches

B. Explain the differences between each of the following pairs.

1. An aerial photograph and a plan
2. A globe and an atlas
3. A sketch and a map

Answer:

1. An aerial photograph and a plan — A plan is a drawing that shows the horizontal section of a small area or a building. It is drawn to scale. It is useful because it tells us where exactly things are on the ground.
   Aerial photographs is a tool for representing the earth or a part of it is aerial photography. Photographs of the earth are taken from a camera mounted on an aircraft, an unmanned drone or an artificial satellite. In fact, such photographs have been used widely in the preparation of accurate maps.
2. A globe and an atlas — Map : a drawing of the whole earth or a part of it on a flat surface.
3. Asketch and a map — Arough drawing showing the relative locations of a few chosen features in an area.
   A map — A drawing of the who le earth or a part of it on a flat surface.

C. Answer the following questions in brief.

Question 1.
Define an atlas.
Answer:
A collection of different types of maps bound together in the form of a book is called an atlas.

Question 2.
What do you understand by topographic maps ?
Answer:
Topographic maps which give detailed information about local features of small areas on the surface of the earth.

Question 3.
Which map would be most useful to army personnel when constructing a bridge during a war ?
Answer:
In addition to these maps, there are topographic maps (topos = place; graphy = to describe) as these give detailed information about local and forms, streams, rivers, canals and other features of areas. These maps are based on an accurate survey of land.

Question 4.
How will you show the location of your house to a friend who is visiting you for the first time ?
Answer:
We can show the location of our house to a friend who is visiting us for the first time with the help of a sketch.

Question 5.
Differentiate between a plan and a sketch.
Answer:

Plan :

1. A plan is a drawing that shows the horizontal section of a small area or building.
2. It is drawn to the scale.
3. It tells us exactly things are on the ground.
4. It is accurate representation of an area.

Sketch :

1. A sketch is a rough drawing showing the relative locations of a few chosen features of an area.
2. It is not drawn to the scale.
3. It does not show the true shape or size of the features.
4. It is rough representation of an area.

D. Answer the following questions in one or two paragraphs

Question 1.
What is a map ? What are the different types of maps ?
Answer:
A map is a drawing of the whole earth or a part of it on a flat surface.
Maps can be divided into following categories based on the scale used to draw them are :

• Small scale maps — They show a large land area in a small space Eg. 1 cm on small scale map could represent 200 kms on ground. The features of the area are not clearly visible.
• Large – scale maps — They show smaller area of land in bigger space Eg. 1 cm = 1 km on land. They give detailed information of the area.

Question 2.
Describe a political and a physical map.
Answer:
Political maps: show the boundaries of countries, states, etc. and also the location of capital cities and important towns.
Physical maps: show mountains, valleys, plains, rivers, and other surface features. These maps generally use different colours to represent land of different heights.

Question 3.
Take the help of your atlas to make a list of thematic maps. Describe any two maps from your list.
Answer:
Thematic maps shows the distribution of forests, crops, minerals and industries.

The types of Thematic maps are :

1. Ranged maps.
2. Point density maps
3. Proportional symbol maps
4. Maps with pie or bar charts.
5. Grided maps.

The other two maps are :

1. Political maps shows the boundaries of administrative units such as countries, states and districts. Different types of boundaries are shown with different symbols. They also show the locations of cities, towns and villages.
2. Physical maps show the landforms and water bodies on the Earth’s surface, such as mountains, plateaus, plains, rivers, lakes and seas. The different features are shown with different colours.

Question 4.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of using a globe ?
Answer:

Advantages :

• It is the most accurate three dimensional representation of the earth.
• It shows the distribution of continents and oceans accurately.
• Lines of latitude and longitude are marked on a globe.

Disadvantages :

• Only a part of the earth can be seen on a globe, at one glance.
• All details cannot be marked on a globe.
• A globe is difficult to carry around.

E. Draw a plan of your house showing clearly the position of each room in relation to the others. On the plan, mark clearly the positions of doors, windows and furniture.
Answer:

F. Picture study.

Question 1.
Do you know how this type of picture is taken ?
Answer:
An aerial photograph of Australia.

Question 2.
What is it used for ?
Answer:
These maps are used widely in the preparation of accurate maps.

ICSE Solutions for Class 6 Geography Voyage – North America : Location, Area, Political and Physical Features

ICSE SolutionsSelina ICSE SolutionsML Aggarwal Solutions

APlusTopper.com provides step by step solutions for ICSE Solutions for Class 6 Geography Voyage. You can download the Voyage Geography ICSE Solutions for Class 6 with Free PDF download option. Geography Voyage for Class 6 ICSE Solutions all questions are solved and explained by expert teachers as per ICSE board guidelines.

ICSE Solutions Class 6 GeographyHistory & CivicsBiologyChemistryPhysicsMaths

POINTS TO REMEMBER

• North America has been named after Amerigo Vespucci, an Italian explorer. However, Christopher Columbus is credited with the discovery of this continent.
• The continent lies in the northern and the western hemispheres surrounded by the Arctic, the Atlantic and the Pacific oceans. The Isthmus of Panama joins North America to South America.
• The United States of America and Canada occupy three fourths of North america.
• NorthAmerica can be divided into four major physical divisions— the Canadian or Laurentian Shield, the Western Mountain System or Western Cordilleras, the Eastern Highlands or Appalachian Mountains and the Central Lowlands or Great Central Plains.
• The Canadian Shield is composed of some of the oldest known hard rocks of the world. The surface of the Shield consists of many deep depressions formed by scraping and scouring out by moving ice. These depressions have been filled up with meltwater to form many freshwater lakes such as the five Great Lakes.
• The Western Cordilleras are a series of young fold mountain ranges which have many active and extinct volcanoes, earthquake-prone regions and hot springs. The Cordilleras consist of several parallel ranges such as the Alaska Range and the Brooks Range. The highest point in North America, Mt McKinley, lies here. .
• The Appalachians are lower than the Western Cordilleras. The eastern slopes of these highlands are very steep.
• The edge of the Piedmont Plateau (located at the foot of the Appalachians or the Eastern Highlands) has many waterfalls along its length. It is referred to as the Fall Line.
• The Great Central Plains have the largest river system in North America—the Mississippi-Missouri river system.
• North America has several large rivers such as the Mississippi, Missouri, Mackenzie, Nelson, St Lawrence, Hudson, Yukon, Columbia and Rio Grande.
• Lumbering is an important activity in the coniferous or taiga forests of Canada, carried out by lumbermen or lumberjacks.
• Lumbering involves several stages of work such as cutting, skidding and hauling.

IMPORTANT TERMS

Gorge : A deep narrow valley with near vertical sides. Intermontane plateau: a plateau surrounded by mountains on all sides.
Lumbering : The cutting down of trees and the processes leading to the manufacture of products like paper, newsprint, synthetic fibres, etc.
Lumberjacks : Workers engaged in lumbering.
Meltwater : Water derived from the melting of glacier ice and/or snow.

VALUES AND LIFE SKILLS

All occupations are important. Every job has dignity and deserves our respect.
How do you treat the people who work in your home and help you in your daily life ?
Answer:
We treat them with respect and dignity.

EXERCISES

A. Fill in the blanks

1. A narrow stretch of land that joins North America to South America and separates the Atlantic Ocean from the Pacific Ocean : The Isthmus of Panama.
2. The tropical islands, called the West Indies, are located in this sea : Caribbean Sea.
3. Aphysical division of North America around the Hudson Bay which has the oldest known hard rocks of the world : The Canadian Shield.
4. A river that flows northwards and drains into the Hudson Bay : River Meckenzie and River Nelson.

B. Identify who I am.

1. I am a city in North America which is a symbol of unity, history, and democracy : Washington DG.
2. I am an island at the entrance of river Hudson where the famous Statue of Liberty is situated : Liberty Island.
3. I am the city which is world famous for its film industry : Los Angeles.
4. I am the city which has the Ridean Canal : Ottawa
5. I am the city of Canada which was once the world’s leading grain port : Montreal

C. Give geographical reasons why 

Question 1.
The 49° N latitude and the 100°W longitude are important for North America.
Answer:
The 49° N latitude marks the boundary between Canada and United States whereas 100°W longitude passes through the centre of North America. So both are important.

Question 2.
The Western Cordilleras form part of the ‘Pacific Ring of Fire’.
Answer:
The Western Cordilleras i.e. the western part of North America from Alaska to the Isthmus of Panama consists of young fold mountain ranges which contain very active volcanoes and lie close to the pacific ocean thus forming a part of the ‘ Pacific Ring of Fire’.

Question 3.
The Appalachians appear as low hills today.
Answer:
The Appalachians are old fold mountains and the glaciers and rivers have eroded them over millions of years. So they appear as low hills today.

Question 4.
Lumbering is traditionally done in the winter season.
Answer:
In winters the sap in trees is frozen,making it easier to cut and drag the logs on frozen river grounds. The winter air is clean, refreshing and free from perts.

D. Answer the following questions in brief
Question 1.
Name the Italian explorer who reached North America in 1507 CE.
Answer:
Amerigo Vespucci.

Question 2.
Name some of the islands that are collectively called the West Indies.
Answer:
The tropical islands of the Caribbean sea are collectively called the West Indies. They include Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, Haiti, etc. form West Indies.

Question 3.
Why is New York an important city in the USA ?
Answer:
Hudson River is the famous Statue of Liberty on Liberty Island.

Question 4.
Where are the Great Lakes situated ? Which river drains these lakes into the Atlantic Ocean ?
Answer:
The Great Rivers are located in the Canadian or Laurentian shield. The St. Lawrence River connects and drains the Great Lakes.

Question 5.
Write about the largest river system of North America.
Answer:
The largest river system of America includes River Mackenzie falling into the Arctic Ocean. St. Lawrence, Hudson connecting all the Great Lakes draining into the North Atlantic Ocean, Yukon, Columbia falling into Pacific Ocean and Mississippi and Missouri rivers falling into Gulf of Mexico.

Question 6.
Where is the Grand Canyon situated ? Why is it so famous?
Answer:
The Grand Canyon of the Colorado River is 2000 m deep and 400 km long and so it is famous for its majesty and beauty.

D. Answer the following questions in one or two paragraphs

Question 1.
List the four major physical divisions of North America. Describe any one of them briefly.
Answer:
The four major physical divisions of North America are the Canadian or Laurentian shield, the Western Mountain System or Western Cordilleras, the eastern highlands or Appalachians Mountains and the central lowlands or Great Central Plains. The Central lowlands extend from Hindsom Bay in the north to
the Gulf of Mexico in the South covering distance of more than 6000 km and about 2000 km in width. They are also called the Great Central Plains. The plains are higher in West and slope northward in Canada. The main rivers which flow in these plains include Mackenzie, Mississippi—Missouri.

Question 2.
Why is the Canadian Shield region full of lakes ? Name any three lakes other than the five Great Lakes.
Answer:
The Canadian Shield is composed of oldest known hard rocks and the surface of land consists of many deep hollows of depression. When Ice Age ended, these depressions were filled by meltwater from glaciers and ice-sheets. Apart from the Great Lakes, Lake Winnipeg, Great Bear Lake, Great Slave Lake and Lake Athabasca are important lakes present in this region.

Question 3.
What are the various categories of lumberjacks ? What kind of work do they do ?
Answer:
The various categories of Lumberjacks include the high riggers, sawers or buckers. Skidders and haulers or transporters. The high riggers are people who climb the tall coniferous trees to cut off its branches first and then trunk.
The sawers use saw and axes to cut the trunk into lengths measuring 1 to 5 m.
The skidders mainly collect the logs and stack them along a frozen river bank, road or railway line.
The haulers ensure the transfer of logs down a river till they reach, a sawnill or factory. This include clearing ‘ log-jams’ with long poles or use sticks of dynamites to move logs which cause jams.

Question 4.
Describe how the lives and work of lumberjacks have changed in modern times.
Answer:
Lumberjacks used to have a very hard life in earlier days as their work of falling trees begins early followed by cutting off branches of fallen trees, skidding and hauling. They had to live in camps and start their days quiet early. But now settled communities of forest workers have developed. The forests are more accessible and they use power driven saws, powered cranes and automobiles.

E. Read books and encyclopaedias to find more information about Christopher Columbus, Amerigo Vespucci and other great explorers. Record your findings and stick some pictures alongside, if possible. Then share this information with other classmates and have a classroom discussion.
Answer:
Do it yourself.

F. Picture study


This is a photograph of the Grand Canyon in Arizona.

Question 1.
Why do you think this canyon is called ‘Grand’ ?
Answer:
This Canyon is about 2000 m deep and 400 km long because it is world famous for its majesty and beauty, so it is called the Grand Canyon.

Question 2.
Name the river that has carved out the Grand Canyon.
Answer:
Its carved out of Colorado River.

ICSE Solutions for Class 6 Geography Voyage – Major Crops

ICSE SolutionsSelina ICSE SolutionsML Aggarwal Solutions

APlusTopper.com provides step by step solutions for ICSE Solutions for Class 6 Geography Voyage. You can download the Voyage Geography ICSE Solutions for Class 6 with Free PDF download option. Geography Voyage for Class 6 ICSE Solutions all questions are solved and explained by expert teachers as per ICSE board guidelines.

ICSE Solutions Class 6 GeographyHistory & CivicsBiologyChemistryPhysicsMaths

POINTS TO REMEMBER

• Crops can be divided into two broad categories—food crops (grains that are consumed as food) and cash crops (crops that are sold in the market for cash, such as cotton).
• Rice is the staple food for the majority of the people. It requires plenty of water.
• China is the world’s largest rice-producing country, followed by India.
• Wheat is a crop that grows well in temperature regions.
• Sugar cane is grown in the tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world.
• India is the second-largest producer of sugar cane after brazil.
• China, India and Pakistan are important cotton-growing countries in the world.
• Jute is known as the ‘golden fibre’.
• India is the largest jute-producing country in the world and West Bengal is the biggest jute-producing state in India.
• The Green Revolution refers to the spectacular increase in the yield of food grains in India in the 1960s.

IMPORTANT TERMS

Bagasse : The fibrous matter that remains after sugar cane stalks have been crushed to extract their juice.
Ethanol : A volatile, flammable, colourless liquid.
Green Revolution : The spectacular increase in the production of food grains in the 1960s in India.
HYV seeds : High yielding variety of seeds introduced during the Green Revolution to increase crop production.
Kharif crops : Crops that grow through the summer season in India.
Molasses : A thick, black, sweet sticky liquid produced when sugar is refined.
Rabi crops : Crops that grow through the winter season in India.
Zaid crops : Crops that grow from March to June.

THINK AND ANSWER

Is global warming likely to change agricultural patterns all over the world ?
Answer:
Global warming modifies the rainfall pattern, amplifies coastal erosion, lengthens the growing season in some regions, melts ice-caps and glaciers and alters the range of some infectious diseases.
Warmer temperature extends the growing season. The plants need more water to keep growing throughout the season or they will dry out. The milder winters will fail to kill dormant insects, increasing the risk of large damaging infestation.

VALUES AND LIFE SKILL

The green Revolution led to a spectacular increase in crop production in India. Yet, poor fanners could not really benefit from this because they could not afford the new and expensive varieties of seeds.
What, in your opinion, could the government have done to improve the condition of poor farmers?
Answer:

1. Govt, should give best prices for their production.
2. Govt, should provide subsidised Machinery, HYV seeds Pesticides etc.
3. Govt, should pay off the borrowings/bank loans made by the poor farmer.

EXERCISES

A. Fill in the blanks

1. There are three main crop growing seasons in India — Kharifrabi and zaid.
2. Cash crops are grown for cash or for commercial purposes.
3. Bagasse is the crushed sugar cane fibre that is used for the manufacture of paper and fibre boards.
4. Use of new variety of seeds led to a spectacular increase in crop production in India in the 1960s.
5. The green revolution led to farmers taking loans and incurring large debts.

B. Match the columns

Answer:

C. Answer the following questions in brief

Question 1.
What are kharif crops ? Give one example.
Answer:
The crops which are grown in july and harvested in November are called Kharif crops, eg. rice, maize, etc.

Question 2.
Which are the major rice-producing regions in India ?
Answer:
The major rice – producing regions in India are states of Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Gujarat, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab and Haryana.

Question 3.
What are cash crops ? Give two examples.
Answer:
The crops mainly grown for making profit are called cash crops, eg. sugarcane, oil seeds, etc.

Question 4.
What climatic conditions are suitable for the cultivation of cotton ?
Answer:
Cotton requires a long frost-free period of 6-8 months in a year. It requires plenty of sunshine and dry weather during harvest.

Question 5.
What are the climatic conditions required for growing tea?
Answer:
Tea—Tea is a perennial plant that grows well in both tropical and subtropical regions. It requires a moderately hot and humid climate. Temperatures between 13° and 32° C are ideal for growing tea. Tea requires frequent and well-distributed rain of 200 cm or more throughout the year.

Question 6.
Name the major coffee producing regions of India.
Answer:
Karnataka is the leading coffee producing state followed by Kerala and Tamil Nadu. Other states where some coffee is grown are Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, and the north-eastern states.

Question 7.
What are high yielding varieties of seeds ?
Answer:
The new dwarf and semi-dwarf varieties of seeds, especially of wheat which has lead to Green Revolution are called high yielding varieties of seeds.

D. Answer the following questions in one or two paragraphs

Question 1.
What are the crop-growing seasons in India ? List the different types of crops that grow in each season.
Answer:
There are mainly three crop-growing seasons in India.

• Kharif season — From July to November — eg. Rice, sugarcane, maize.
• Rabi season — From October to February — eg. Wheat, barley, mustard.
• Zaid season — From March to June — eg. Musk melon, sweet potatoes, watermelon, etc.

Question 2.
Write a brief note on the cultivation of wheat in India.
Answer:
Wheat is mainly grown in winter months as it requires a temperature between 10° C and 15° C during growing season and 20°C to 25°C to ripen.
Uttar Pradesh is the leading wheat producing state in India.

Question 3.
What is sugarcane ? What are the different products that are made from sugar cane ?
Answer:
Sugarcane is a hardy crop that is cultivated in the tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. It belongs to the grass family. It grows as large jointed stalks measuring 2 to 6 m in height. Products: It is from these stalks that raw sugarcane juice is obtained for making sugar. The juice is further processed to make products like molasses, jaggery (gur), ethanol, industrial alcohol, etc. The crushed fibre, known as bagarse, is used for the manufacture of paper and fibre boards.

Question 4.
What are the main areas of tea production in India and in the world ?
Answer:
In India the main tea-producing regions are Assam, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Other tea growing regions of India are Sikkim, Tripura, Arunachal Pradesh, and the Kangra Hills in northern India. The finest quality tea is grown on the hill slopes of Darjiling in West Bengal. China and Sri Lanka produce the best quality tea. India is the second largest tea producer in the world after China.

Question 5.
Describe the climatic conditions required for growing coffee.
Answer:
Coffee is a tropical and a sub-tropical plant that grows well on hill slopes. Tropical coffee grows best between 1,200 m and 2,000 m. Sub-tropical coffee grows best at altitudes between 600 m and 1,200 m. It is sensitive to frost and direct heat and therefore grows well in the shade of evergreen trees. Coffee requires rainfall between 160 cm and 200 cm annually. Humidify ranging between 70 and 80 per cent is ideal for the growth of coffee. Coffee plantations must avoid strong sunshine and heavy monsoon rains for better growth. Soil should be rich and fertile and well-drained. Labour for plucking, sowing, weeding, pruning, packaging and handling of coffee should be well-trained, skilled and cheap.

Question 6.
Give any three climatic conditions most suitable for growing rubber.
Answer:
Rubber is a tropical tree that requires a hot and humid climate. It requires rainfall between 200 cm and 300 cm annually and plenty of sunshine. The ideal temperature should range between 20° C and 34° C. Rubber requires high humidity above 80 per cent. Rubber trees are planted on slopes to avoid water stagnation.

Question 7.
What was the Green Revolution ? List its main features.
Answer:
Green Revolution is the increase in the production of food grains in 1960’s in India.
Its main features are :

1. Traditional agricultural practices gave way to modem and scientific methods of cultivation.
2. There was marked decrease in shifting agriculture in many parts of India.
3. In India, farmers had the opportunity for multiple cropping, thereby increasing their income considerably.
4. The genetically improved high yielding varieties of seeds of wheat, rice and maize were the most important component of the Green Revolution.

Question 8.
Why was the Green Revolution not beneficial for poor farmers ?
Answer:
Green Revolution was not beneficial for poor farmers as they couldn’t afford to buy expensive seeds, fertilizers, machinery, etc. It lead to unemployment as new machinery replaced manual labour. It encouraged farmers to take loans but ended up with large debts on the farmers.

E. On an outline map of Asia mark the following

1. Rice growing regions in green
2. Wheat growing regions in pink
3. Sugar cane growing regions in red
4. Cotton growing regions in purple
5. Jute growing regions in brown
6. Tea growing regions in yellow
7. Coffee growing regions in orange
8. Rubber growing regions in blue

Answer:

F. Picture Study

The photograph here shows an important feature of an agricultural movement.

Question 1.
Identify the agricultural movement.
Answer:
This picture shows the Green Revolution which came to India in 1960‘s under the supervision of Dr. Norman Borlaug.

Question 2.
Who supervised this movement in India ?
Answer:
The Indian government encouraged fanners to grow new dwarf and semi-dwarf varieties of seed particularly of wheat in the plains of Punjab and Haryana.

Question 3.
List any four demerits of this movement.
Answer:
The main demerits of this revolution were.

1. It leads to over dependence on fertilizers and pesticides.
2. Unemployment, as new machinery replaced manual labour.
3. It was confined to rich farmers as the cost of fertilizers, hybrid „ seeds, pesticides was high.
4. The farm water polluted with fertilizers and pesticides is affecting human health.

ICSE Solutions for Class 6 Geography Voyage – Types of Agriculture

ICSE SolutionsSelina ICSE SolutionsML Aggarwal Solutions

APlusTopper.com provides step by step solutions for ICSE Solutions for Class 6 Geography Voyage. You can download the Voyage Geography ICSE Solutions for Class 6 with Free PDF download option. Geography Voyage for Class 6 ICSE Solutions all questions are solved and explained by expert teachers as per ICSE board guidelines.

ICSE Solutions Class 6 GeographyHistory & CivicsBiologyChemistryPhysicsMaths

POINTS TO REMEMBER

• Agriculture refers to the cultivation of land.
• Subsistence farming is practised by poor farmers who own small pieces of land.
• Intensive farming is practised on small plots of land.
• Extensive farming is practised in areas of low population and where of land is available for cultivation.
• Shifting cultivation is practised mainly by tribal people in some primitive and densely forested regions of the world.
• In commercial forming, crops are grown on a large scale, mainly for selling the produce in the market—both at home and abroad.
• Plantation farming is a type of commercial farming. Here, a single crop, instead of multiple crops, is planted over a large area known as a plantation.

IMPORTANT TERMS

Agriculture : Cultivation of a field.
Combine harvester : a large farm machine which cuts a crop and separates the grain from the rest of the plant.
Commercial : Connected with the buying and selling of goods and services.
Machete : A broad, heavy knife used as a cutting tool or a weapon.
Subsistence : The state of having just enough money or food to stay alive.
Yield : The total amount of crops produced.

THINK AND ANSWER

Why do you think commercial farming is practised in countries like the USA and Australia ?
Answer:
Both USA and Australia are developed countries having large farms and more money to invest in large machinery, hybrid crops, fertilizers and pesticides. The machineries allow the farmers to cultivate grains like wheat, maize, barley etc. on a large scale.

VALUES AND LITE SKILL

Farmers put in a lot of hard work and money in producing crops. We should remember this and not waste food.
What should you do if you do not like a dish that is served in the school canteen ?
Answer:
We should not throw the food even if we don’t like it’s taste. We shall keep the dish on the wall for birds or animals to eat.

EXERCISES

A. Fill in the blanks

1. Food grains are the most important products that come from agriculture.
2. Farmers who practise subsistence farming depend on the monsoon rains for water for the crops.
3. Intensive farming requires a lot of labour on a small piece of land.
4. Extensive farming is practised in areas of low population.
5. Shifting cultivation is generally practised in forested areas.

B. Match the columns

Answer:

C. State whether the following are true or false 

1. Agriculture is not an important occupation anymore.
Answer. False.
Correct — Agriculture is an important occupation anymore.

2. Farmers who practise subsistence farming use modern methods of irrigation.
Answer. False.
Correct— Farmers who practise subsistence fanning use old methods of irrigation or depend on the monsoon rains.

3. Intensive farming requires very little labour to work on the farm.
Answer. False.
Correct— Extensive farming requires little labour to work on the farm.

4. Extensive farming is practised in countries like India, China and Japan.
Answer. False.
Correct— Intensive farming is practised in countries like India, China and Japan.

5. Shifting agriculture is wasteful and harmful to forests and wildlife.
Answer. True.

D. Answer the following questions in brief

Question 1.
What do you understand by agriculture ?
Answer:
Agriculture means cultivation of a field. It includes growing of crops, rearing animals for dairy and meat products, poultry farming and rearing fish in ponds.

Question 2.
Name any three types of agriculture practised around the world.
Answer:
The various types of agriculture practised around the world include subsistence farming, intensive farming and extensive farming.

Question 3.
Define subsistence agriculture.
Answer:
Subsistence farming is growing crops to meet the farmers own needs. The land is small and organic or natural fertilizers like cow dung, dried plants, etc. are used. It depends on monsoon rains for watering of crops.

Question 4.
Why is intensive farming expensive ?
Answer:
Intensive farming is expensive as the farmer tries to get maximum field from his small land using hybrid seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, etc.

Question 5.
Name the crops grown by extensive farming.
Answer:
The main crops grown in extensive farming are wheat, maize and barley.

Question 6.
Why is shifting cultivation not productive in the long run?
Answer:
This form of agriculture is wasteful and harmful to forests and wildlife. After a few years the fertility of the land is reduced. The infertility is caused by excessive leaching, a process in which the salts and minerals of the soil are drained away by water.

Question 7.
In which parts of India is shifting cultivation practised ?
Answer:
In India, this practice is prevalent in states such as Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur and Mizoram in the north-east and in Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand. It is also practised in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

Question 8.
Mention any two features of commercial farming.
Answer:
In commercial farming, crops are grown on a large scale, mainly for selling the produce in the market-both at home and abroad. The main aim of this type of farming is to earn profit. The farms may or may not be very large. Modem methods of cultivation such as using high yielding variety of seeds, chemical fertilizers, and pesticides are used along with modem irrigation techniques and cold storage to store the produce after harvest.

E. Answer the following questions in one or two paragraphs

Question 1.
Briefly explain subsistence agriculture.
Answer:
Subsistence farming is practised by farmers who own small pieces of land. Such farmers grow just enough crops to meet their needs and those of their families. They generally grow rice or vegetables and use organic or natural fertilizers such as cow dung, animal droppings and dead and dried plants. They depend on the monsoon rains for water for the crops.

Question 2.
Distinguish between intensive and extensive farming.
Answer:
Intensive farming :

• Land is small.
• More labour is employed
• Expensive farming as more fertilizers, hybrid seeds, pesticides, etc. are used.

Extensive farming :

• Plenty of land.
• Less labour is employed work is done by large machines like combine harvesters, etc.
• Low cost farming. Mostly cereal crops are grown.

Question 3.
What do you understand by shifting agriculture ?
Answer:
Shifting agriculture is mainly practised by tribal people who clear a small area in the forests, scatter the seeds, leaves them to grow, depend on monsoon for water and when the land becomes infertile after some years shift themselves to a new piece of land in the forests.

Question 4.
What crops are grown by commercial farming ? What are the methods that are employed ?
Answer:
The main crops grown on commercial scale are apples, grapes, mushrooms, cauliflower, broccoli, etc. These crops are mainly grown to earn profit. Modern methods of cultivation such as hybrid seeds, chemical fertilizers, pesticides, modem irrigation techniques and cold storage to store the produce after harvest are used.

Question 5.
Write a short note on plantation farming.
Answer:
Plantation farming is a kind of cofhmercial farming in which a single crop is grown instead of multiple crops. These crops include tea, coffee, rubber, cocoa, coconut, sugarcane, cotton, etc.

Question 6.
Write a short note on mixed farming.
Answer:
Mixed farming is a form of farming in which crops are grown and animals are reared on the same farmland. Farmers grow a variety of crops and also keep a number of dairy animals to get milk. Sometimes poultry is also kept. Farmers practise mixed farming mainly with a view to increasing their earnings, from two different sources. One of the major benefits of mixed farming is that if one form of farming enterprise fails, the farmer could still depend on the other. Modem machinery and tools, selected high quality seeds, chemical fertilizers in large quantities and other highly advanced techniques of farming are used. The natural manure provided by the animals helps in minimizing soil erosion, rotation of crops and conservation of water. Mixed farming makes good use of crop residue which, if not used as animal feed, can be used as fertilizers in the soil.

F. Picture study

The photograph here shows a farmer tending to his field.

Question 1.
What type of farming is he practising ?
Answer:
The farmer is practising subsistence farming i.e. growing crops to meet his own daily needs.

Question 2.
What are the difficulties that he might face ?
Answer:
He might not get good yield because of poor seed quality, bad monsoon and lack of fertilizers and pesticides.

ICSE Solutions for Class 6 Geography Voyage – Major Water Bodies

ICSE SolutionsSelina ICSE SolutionsML Aggarwal Solutions

APlusTopper.com provides step by step solutions for ICSE Solutions for Class 6 Geography Voyage. You can download the Voyage Geography ICSE Solutions for Class 6 with Free PDF download option. Geography Voyage for Class 6 ICSE Solutions all questions are solved and explained by expert teachers as per ICSE board guidelines.

ICSE Solutions Class 6 GeographyHistory & CivicsBiologyChemistryPhysicsMaths

POINTS TO REMEMBER

• Nearly 71 per cent of the surface of earth is covered by water.
• There are five large water bodies called oceans in the world. These are the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, the Arctic Ocean and the Southern Ocean. Smaller water bodies include seas, lakes and rivers.
• A river is a stream of water which flows in a channel from high ground to low ground and finally to a lake or a sea. The place where the river originates is called its source and the place where it ends is called its mouth.
• The route or course of a river has three stages—the upper, middle and lower stages. In the upper stage the river is in the mountains, in the middle stage it flows over plains, and in the lower stage the river generally meets an ocean or a sea.
• Almost all human activities generate waste which causes pollution.
• Untreated liquid waste from kitchens and toilets of households, liquid wastes from thermal power plants, surface run-off from farms and oil spills are the main causes of water pollution.
• Water pollution causes diseases such as typhoid,cholera and amoebic dysentery.

IMPORTANT TERMS

Ridge : A high pointed area near the top of a mountain.
Surface run-off : Water from rain, melting snow, or other sources that flows over land and is a part of the water cycle.

THINK AND ANSWER

Everything that we do creates waste, which, in turn, creates pollution. How do you think you can reduce the amount of waste you generate ?
Answer:

1. Liquid waste from thermal power plants should not be discharged in the rivers. As It increases the dissolved oxygen content of river water,leading to a sudden rise in microbe population. This, in turn, reduces the level of oxygen in the river and makes it difficult for other kinds of organisms to survive.
2. Surface run-off should not be discharged in the rivers as
   Surface run-off from farms carries organic and inorganic fertilizers into water bodies. This promotes the growth of algae, which reduces the dissolved oxygen level in water. Other living organisms in water bodies, including fish, cannot survive in such conditions.
3. By not discharging the Untreated liquid waste into the rivers. Untreated liquid waste from kitchens and toilets is often discharged into rivers. This exposes people who use river water to diseases such as typhoid, cholera and amoebic dysentery.
4. By taking dual care of leakage of Oil Spills in rivers. An oil spill occurs when crude oil, while being transported from one country to another, gets leaked into the sea.

VALUES AND LIFE SKILLS

Water is very important for sustaining life on earth. We should be careful while using water and should take steps to save our water resources.
What are the things that you can do to save water ?
Answer:
We can save water by doing following things,

1. Check all faucets, pipes and toilets for leaks.
2. Install water saving showerheads and ultra-low-flush toilets.
3. Take shorter showers.
4. Never use your toilet as a wastebasket.
5. Turnoff the water while brushing your teeth or shaving.

EXERCISES

A. Match the columns

Answer:

B. With the help of your atlas identify and mark the following in an outline map of the world.

Question 1.
The largest ocean in the world
Answer:
Pacific ocean.

Question 2.
The northernmost ocean
Answer:
Arctic ocean.

Question 3.
An inland sea in Eurasia
Answer:
Aral sea.

Question 4.
Two rivers in Europe
Answer:
Rhine and Danube.

c. Answer the following questions in brief

Question 1.
Name the major water bodies on earth.
Answer:
The major water bodies on earth are oceans, seas, lakes and rivers.

Question 2.
What is the Ring of Fire ?
Answer:
The pacific ocean is bordered by volcanic mountains on its edges. So it is termed as ‘Ring of Fire’.

Question 3.
What is the difference between a gulf and a bay ?
Answer:
A gulf is an inlet of the sea of large areal proportions while a bay is an open, curving indentation made by the sea or a lake into a coastline. Gulfs are more indented than bays and also more enclosed.

Question 4.
What do you understand by strait ? Give an example.
Answer:
A strait is a narrow stretch of water that joins two large water bodies. The Strait of Gibraltar, for example, connects the Mediterranean Sea to the North Atlantic Ocean.

Question 5.
Mention the five Great Lakes of the USA.
Answer:
The five Great Lakes of the USA — Superior, Huron, Michigan, Ontario and Erie—are a group of five huge freshwater lakes located between the United States and Canada. They comprise the largest body of fresh water on earth.

Question 6.
Name the different parts of a river.
Answer:
The two main parts of a river are its source (from where the river originates) and the mouth (where the river enters the sea).

Question 7.
What is surface run-off ?
Answer:
Surface run-off means the water from any source i.e. rain, river, etc which carries away the upper layer of soil, organic and inorganic fertilizers and make it a part of water cycle.

D. Answer the following questions in one or two paragraphs

Question 1.
Why are oceans important ?
Answer:
Oceans are very important for us for many reasons :

1. Oceans are great storehouses of oil and mineral resources.
2. They support a large variety of aquatic life.
3. They facilitate international trade by providing trade routes.
4. Oceans are also a source of food supply for many people around the world.

Question 2.
Describe the course of a river.
Answer:
The river passes through three courses from its source to mouth – upper, middle and lower. The upper course generally lies in mountains where land is steep and river flows very fast. At middle course the river speed decreases as plains have gentle slope. The flow of the river is nearly halted at its mouth (where it meets the sea or ocean).

Question 3.
Mention any five important rivers of the world,
Answer:
The river Nile in Africa, 6,695 km in length, is the world’s longest river. It flows out into the Mediterranean Sea. The Amazon, 6,640 km in length, flows through South America and is the second longest river in the world. Other important rivers in the world are the Mississippi in the USA, the Rhine and the Danube
in Europe and the Ganga in India.

Question 4.
Briefly describe the importance of rivers.
Answer:
Importance of Rivers — Rivers are an extremely important water resource:

1. The river valleys and plains provide fertile soils and crops grow in plenty in and around the region,
2. River water is used for human and animal consumption. Rivers provide abundant water supply to support large settlements.
3. Rivers provide means of transport to carry humans and goods from one place to another and thus facilitate trade.
4. River water is an important source of energy. It is used to power hydroelectric plants and helps in generation of electricity. It also thus helps the industries to grow.
5. Rivers also provide the means for recreational activities.

Question 5.
What are the major causes of water pollution ?
Answer:
The major causes of water pollution are liquid waste from thermal power plants, surface run-off, untreated liquid waste from industries, sewage, household waste and oil-spills.

Question 6.
What is an oil spill ? Why is it harmful for the environment ?
Answer:
When the crude oil gets leaked into the sea while being transported from one country to another because of an accident and hurricanes it is called oil – spill. The aquatic life gets poisoned as oxygen can’t reach them and leads to their death affecting the life cycle.

E. Picture study:

Look at the picture of an ocean given here and answer the questions.

Question 1.
Describe the characteristics of the largest ocean in the world.
Answer:
Pacific ocean is the largest ocean and covers one-third of the globe. It is circular in shape and is bordered by volcanic mountains and is termed as ‘Ring of Fire’. The deepest part of earth i.e. Mariana Trench lies in this ocean near the Philippines.

Question 2.
What are the differences between an ocean and a sea ?
Answer:
Ocean :

1. Oceans are large water bodies covering 97% of earth’s water.
2. There are main 5 oceans eg. Pacific, Arctic, Atlantic, Indian and Southern Ocean.

Sea :

1. Sea is a part of the ocean that is smaller and shallower, located close to the edge of a land mass or continent.
2. There are many seas eg. Caribbean sea, Bering sea, Arabian sea, North sea, etc.

F. On a blank outline map of the world, mark and label the following.
Gulf of Alaska, Caribbean Sea, palk Strait, Bay of Bengal, Bering Sea, Perisan Gulf, Bass Strait, Iceland, Aral Sea
Answer:

Let’s Do Something

Question 1.
Refer to your atlas and identify some of the important seas in each ocean. Tabulate your observations as shown here and then mark and label them on a blank outline map of the world.

Answer:

ICSE Solutions for Class 6 Geography Voyage – Major Landforms of the Earth

ICSE SolutionsSelina ICSE SolutionsML Aggarwal Solutions

APlusTopper.com provides step by step solutions for ICSE Solutions for Class 6 Geography Voyage. You can download the Voyage Geography ICSE Solutions for Class 6 with Free PDF download option. Geography Voyage for Class 6 ICSE Solutions all questions are solved and explained by expert teachers as per ICSE board guidelines.

ICSE Solutions Class 6 GeographyHistory & CivicsBiologyChemistryPhysicsMaths

POINTS TO REMEMBER

• Nearly 29 per cent of earth’s surface is land.
• Land features on the surface of the earth are different in different places. These features are called landforms. The major landforms include mountains, plateaux, valleys and plains.
• There are three main types of mountains—fold mountains, volcanic mountains and block mountains.
• There are two types of fold mountains—old and young.
• Plateaux are also called plains-in-the air or tablelands.
• Plains are flat lowlands that are mostly built by the alluvium deposited by rivers.

IMPORTANT TERMS

Fold mountains: Mountains that are formed when horizontal layers of the earth’s crust are folded by compression.
Landforms: Features of the land surface.

Discuss

Formation of landforms is a continuous process. Discuss the different ways in which landforms are changing around the world.
Answer:
The earth’s surface is constantly changing. These changes mostly occur in very minute ways which over time accumulates to create the earth’s physical features. Whereas some of these changes take thousands of years but surely they are occuring. We look around us that a mountain, river, plateau, valleys, rqck boulders etc. these all didn’t just disappear suddenly rather most of them had a building process.
There are basically two types of changes that occur on the earth’s surface.

1. Slow change
2. Fast change.

Fast change occur through the actions of earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides etc. While slow change takes time and has a process.

VALUES AND LIFE SKILLS

We constantly impact landforms around us by our actions such has mining, building roads, dams, etc. We should, therefore, try to minimize such activities that have an adverse impact on landforms around us.
How can you help to preserve the landforms around you?
Answer:
We can preserve the landforms around us by adopting following methods, and they are :

1. By Planting More Trees and Not cutting them.
2. By Properly Disposing the Industrial waste.
3. By Preserving greenery surrounding, National Parks and Wildlife Sancturies.
4. Avoid de-vegetating the landforms and its Vicinity, if that’s it’s natural condition.
5. Replicate Natural landscapes, patterns and processes.

EXERCISES

A. Match the columns


Answer:

B. With the help of your atlas identify and mark the following in an outline map of the world.

Question 1.
An old fold mountain range in India.
Answer:
Aravallis

Question 2.
A block mountain in Europe
Answer:
The Black Forest of Europe.

Question 3.
A storehouse of mineral wealth in eastern india.
Answer:
The Chota Nagpur Plateau.

Question 4.
A rift valley in Egypt
Answer:
NileValley in Egypt.

C. Answer the following questions in brief

Question 1.
What are fold mountains? With the help of a neat-sketch, briefly explain their formation.
Answer:
The mountains that are formed when the layers of the earth’s crust are folded by compression caused by the forces generated by movements inside the earth.

There are particularly two types of fold mountains, they are :

1. Old fold mountains
2. Young fold mountains.

Question 2.
State two chief differences between old and young fold mountains. Give examples.
Answer:
The mountains which were formed over 250 million years ago due to compression of earth’s crust are called old fold mountains. They have gentle slopes and low altitude due to weathering overtime eg. Urals in Russia, Aravallis in India and Appalachians in India.
The recently formed mountains i.e. about 25 million years ago are called young fold mountains. They are rugged and lofty. They comprise the world’s highest mountain ranges.
Eg. Rockies of North America, Alps, Andes, Himalayas and The great Dividing Range.

Question 3.
What are plateaux ? Why are they of great economic value?
Answer:
Plateaux (plural of plateau) are the uplifted sections of the earth’s crust that are almost flat or level and usually descend steeply to the surrounding lowlands. Aplateau is also sometimes referred to as a plain-in-the air or tableland. The land of a plateau is very fertile while the latter is a storehouse of mineral wealth. They are rich in minerals like gold, iron, copper, manganese, etc.

Question 4.
Mention the different types of plateaux.
Answer:
Types of Plateaux — Plateaus may be classified into the following categories on the basis of their formation, appearance and location:
Tectonic Plateau : A tectonic plateau is formed by the movement of the earth’s crustal plates. Tectonic movement causes a huge portion of the earth’s surface to rise. The plateau of South Africa and the Turkish-Iranian Plateau are examples of tectonic plateaus.
Volcanic Plateau : A volcanic plateau is a plateau formed by the spread of successive layers of lava on a particular region. When the lava cools, it solidifies and the successive sheets of lava finally form a raised tabeland or a plateau over a period of time. The extensive Columbia Plateau (in the north-western part of the U SA), the north-western part of the Deccan Plateau and the Malwa Plateau are examples of volcanic plateaus.
Dissected Plateau : These have irregular surface marked by canyons, gorges and steep, narrow valleys formed by the process of erosion. They are mostly common in dry and desert regions. The Colorado Plateau, through which the Grand Canyon passes, and the Brazilian Plateau (Mato Grosso) are examples of dissected plateaus.
Intermontane Plateau : These are surrounded by mountains and are the most common types of plateau. The most common example of an intermontane plateau is the Tibetan Plateau which is enclosed by the Himalayan Mountains to its south and the Kunlun Shan to its north.
Piedmont Plateau : Piedmont plateau is one that lies between a mountain and a plain or an ocean. Examples of piedmont plateaus are the Patagonia Plateau in South America and the piedmont Plateau of North America.

Question 5.
What is a basin ? Give an example.
Answer:
A basin is a depressed section of the earth’s crust surrounded by higher land. Many basins are found alongside plateau edges and form areas of inland drainage, i.e., the rivers flowing in the basin do not reach reach the sea. The Tarim and Tsaidam Basins of Asia and the Chad Basin ofnorth-central Africa are examples ofbasin.

Question 6.
Mention the different types of plains.
Answer:
Types of Plains: On the basis of formation, plains are grouped in three categories:
Structural Plains: Plains that lie near the coast of a sea or an ocean are called structural plains. Due to endogenetic movements, large, broad, flat areas of the sea floor are raised and appear on the surface. These types of plains are very flat and broad. The addition of sediments brought in by the sea waves over a period of time makes them broader and flatter than they originally were. Structural plains border all countries. The coastal plains of south-eastern USA near the Gulf Coast, which are part of the Great Plains, are one of the largest plains in the world. The plains of northern Russia and the central lowlands of Australia are other examples of structural plains.
Erosional Plains: Erosional plains are the result of the erosion of mountains, hills and plateaux. The eroded material is brought down to a low level by wind, rivers, rain, and ice. This kind of erosion caused by various agents gives rise to several types of plains. The plains of northern Canada, northern Europe and Kashmir in India are examples such plains.
Depositional Plains : Depositional plains are formed by sediments brought down on a large scale by natural agents such as moving ice, water and wind from the upper regions of mountains.

Question 7.
What is the importance of plains ?
Answer:
The importance of the plains are discussed below:

1. Plains are important because they are good source of fresh fruits and vegetables.
2. Plains are being ploughed by a farmer or a carabaos.
3. Owing to the flat nature of the land. It is easy to construct roads and railways in plains.
4. Plains have good and rich source of river which is very fertile for crops.

Question 8.
What is a peninsula ? Take the help of your atlas and name four major peninsulas of the world.
Answer:
A Peninsula is a piece of land that is surrounded by water on three sides and joined to a larger land mass. The peninsular plateau of India and the Malay Peninsula are two examples of peninsulas attached to the continent of Asia. Europe is a peninsula of peninsulas. Can you name the three large water bodies that surround it ? Also identify the smaller peninsulas that jut out from it.
Arabian peninsula, Deccan for major peninsula are peninsulas, Indo-China peninsula, Alaska peninsula.

Question 9.
Which two land masses does the Isthmus of Panama connect ?
Answer:
The Isthmus of Panama joins North America and South America with the Pacific Ocean on one side and the Atlantic Ocean on the other. The Isthmus of Suez joins Africa to Asia and separates the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea.

D. Answer the following questions in one or two paragraphs :

Question 1.
Name the major landforms on earth.
Answer:
The major landforms on earth are :

• Mountains — Most of the rivers originate from mountains. They are rich in minerals and metals deposits and support variety of flora and fauna.
• Plateau — They are storehouses of minerals such as gold, silver, iron, copper, manganese, etc.
• Valley — They are low-lying lands between hills formed by river flowing down the mountains or due to movement of earth plates.
• Plains — They are the most fertile landforms which support easy habitation.

Question 2.
List the continents according to size. Describe the two largest continents in detail.
Answer:
Continents are very large land masses that are surrounded by vast water bodies called oceans on all sides. They are the primary divisions of land. There are seven continents in the world.
Asia is the largest continent. It occupies about one-third of the land area of our planet. It is joined to the land mass of Europe and, thus, we use the term Eurasia for this combined land mass. The Ural Mountains, the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea separate the two continents. We find oceans on three sides of this land mass. To its north lies the Arctic Ocean, to its east is the Pacific Ocean and to its south is the Indian Ocean.
Africa is the second largest continent after Asia. It is surrounded by water bodies on all sides. In the north, the Mediterranean Sea separates it from Europe, and on its east is the Indian Ocean. The Atlantic Ocean in the west separates it from the two Americas. In Africa lies the largest desert of the world, the Sahara Desert.

Question 3.
Write short notes on

1. Europe
2. Australia.

Answer:

1. Europe is smaller in size in comparison to the other continents mentioned above but has some of the most developed nations in the world. To its north is the Arctic Ocean. The Atlantic Ocean separates it from North America. It has the most indented coastline among the continents, which is why it has numerous ports and some of the finest harbours in the world.
2. Australia is sometimes called ‘the Land Down Under’ as it lies to the south of the main land masses. It is also the smallest continent in size. As there is water on all sides—the Indian Ocean in the west, the South Pacific Ocean in the east, the Southern Ocean in the south, and the Arafura Sea in the north— it is an island and is, therefore, also called the ‘island continent’.

Question 4.
How is Mount Fuji of Japan different from the Vosges of Europe ?
Answer:
Mount Fuj i is a volcanic mountain formed when molten lava, ash, dust, etc. come out through cracks in earth’s crust and is accumulated in shape of high cone. Where as Vosges in Europe are formed by rupturing or fracturing of rock strata due to strain and is an example of block mountain.

Question 5.
Briefly describe the importance of mountains.
Answer:
Importance of Mountains:

1. Mountains are a storehouse of water. Many rivers originate in the glaciers in the mountains.
2. Reservoirs are made and the water from the mountains is used for irrigation and generation of hydro-electricity.
3. The river valleys and terraces are most suitable for farming and cultivation of crops as the land is very fertile.
4. Mountains support a rich variety of flora and fauna.
5. Mountains also affect the climate of an area.
   For example, the Himalayas cause rainfall in India by blocking the south-west monsoon winds. They also protect us from the cold winds of Central Asia in winter.
6. Mountains are also rich in mineral and metal deposits which are essential for industries.
7. According to the United Nations Development Programme, mountains provide home for around 720 million people.
8. The forests in the mountainous regions provide fuel, fodder, shelter and other products like gum, wild fruits, mushrooms, resins, etc. mountains provide an ideal holiday for tourists. They visit the for their natural scenic beauty and relaxation.
9. Many recreation, sporting and tourism activities takes place in the mountains. Paragliding, hang gliding, river rafting and skiing are popular sports in the mountains.

Question 6.
How is a volcanic mountain formed ?
Answer:
Volcanic mountains are formed when molten lava, ash, cinder and dust from deep inside the earth come out on the surface through cracks in the earth’s crust and accumulate in the shape of high cones.
The opening through which lava and other materials come to the surface is called a vent. The funnel-shaped depression at the top of a vent is called a crater.
Examples – Mountain Fujiyama in Japan, Mountain Mayon in the Philippines.

Question 7.
What is a V-shaped valley ?
Answer:
The valley which is formed by an exogenous process i.e. from the outside like a river flowing down the mountain eroding the soil and minerals form a V-shaped valley, eg. Rhine valley in Europe and Damodar valley in India.

Question 8.
Briefly explain

1. peninsula
2. island
3. isthumus.

Answer:

1. Peninsula: is a piece of land that is surrounded by water on three sides and joined to a larger land mass. The peninsular plateau of India and the Malay Peninsula are two examples of peninsulas attached to the continent of Asia. Europe is a peninsula of peninsulas. Can you name the three large water bodies that surround it ? Also identify the smaller peninsulas that jut out from it.
   Arabian peninsula, Deccan for major peninsula are peninsulas, Indo-China peninsula, Alaska peninsula and Labrador peninsula.
2. Island : An island is a piece of land which is surrounded on all sides by water. India has two groups of islands – the Lakshadweep Islands in the Arabian Sea and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal.
3. Isthumus : An isthmus is an elongated narrow piece of land, with water on each side, that joins two large land masses. For example, the Isthmus of Panama joins North America and South America with the Pacific Ocean on one side and the Atlantic Ocean on the other. The Isthmus of Suez joins Africa to Asia and separates the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea.

E. Draw neat, labelled, coloured sketches to show the characteristics of each of the following geographical features. Write a brief description alongside, explaining each of them

Question 1.
Block mountain
Answer:
Block mountain—They are formed by rupturing or fracturing of rock strata due to strain. The land between the cracks inside the earth sink leaving upstanding blocks on either side making mountains.

Question 2.
Volcanic mountain
Answer:
Volcanic mountain — They are built when molten lava, ash, cinder and dust from deep inside the earth comes out on the surface through cracks in the earth’s crust and accumulate in the shape of high cones.
The opening through which lava and other materials come to the surface is called a vent. The funnel-shaped depression at the top of a vent is called a crater.

Question 3.
Plateau
Answer:
Plateau — It is the uplifted section of the earth’s crust that are almost flat or level and usually descend steeply to the surrounding lowlands, eg. Deccan Plateau and the Chota Nagpur plateau etc.

Question 4.
Rift valley
Answer:
Rift Valley—The rift valley is the type of valley that is formed when the land between the two faults sink i.e. the land between 2 block mountains is called rift valley.

F. Picture study

Look at the photographs of a plain and a plateau given here and answer the questions.

Question 1.
How does a plain look different from a plateau ?
Answer:
A plain is a flat piece of land where it is very easy to build houses, roads and carry agricultural practices whereas a plateau is a flat raised piece of land with steep slopes and high cliffs from the surrounding land which makes the soil rich in minerals like iron, copper, manganese.

Question 2.
Why are river plains thickly populated ?
Answer:
The river plains are thickly populated as it is easier to make buildings, construct roads and have all kinds of transportation facilities. The land is also very fertile, rich in minerals. Thus, making it easier for people to grow crops for their living.

Question 3.
How is life in the plains different from life in the mountains?
Answer:
Landforms also influence weather. The higher one goes the colder it gets, while down in the plains and valleys it is warmer. Since landforms affect climate they also affect farming. It is more difficult to grow crops and rear cattle on hillsides than it is in the plains. In the plains, it is easier for people to make roads and houses and to dig wells, unlike in the mountains where it is difficult and expensive to make them and water has to be brought from distant streams. In other words, life in the mountains is more difficult than life in the plains.

ICSE Solutions for Class 6 Geography Voyage – South America : Climate, Natural Vegetation, Wildlife; Mineral and Power Resources

ICSE SolutionsSelina ICSE SolutionsML Aggarwal Solutions

APlusTopper.com provides step by step solutions for ICSE Solutions for Class 6 Geography Voyage. You can download the Voyage Geography ICSE Solutions for Class 6 with Free PDF download option. Geography Voyage for Class 6 ICSE Solutions all questions are solved and explained by expert teachers as per ICSE board guidelines.

ICSE Solutions Class 6 GeographyHistory & CivicsBiologyChemistryPhysicsMaths

POINTS TO REMEMBER

• The climate of South America is influenced by its location, presence of the Andes Mountains, prevailing winds, nearness to seas and oceans, and the impact of ocean currents.
• The vast continent of South America has a climate that varies from the equatorial climate in most of Brazil, to the desert climate of the Atacama and Patagonian Deserts.
• Some areas of Venezuela, Guyana, and Brazil also experience tropical climate. There is a small stretch of central Chile which experiences Mediterranean climate. Southern Chile has a maritime climate.
• Different climates have influenced the natural vegetation found in South America. Forests exist in areas that receive heavy rainfall throughout the year such as the equatorial forests of the Amazon Basin. Grasslands predominate in regions that record maximum rainfall during the summers such as the grasslands in Guyana and Brazil. Deserts exist in areas that receive hardly any rainfall such as the Atacama and Patagonian Deserts. Mountain vegetation grows in the Andes and Mediterranean vegetation is found in central Chile.
• The wildlife of South America includes several unusual species such as the anaconda, birds such as the egret, rhea, and condor, and animals such as the guanaco, vicuna, and llama.
• Hardwood trees like mahogany, rosewood, and rubber are found in the selvas. Brazil nuts, balsa, cinchona for quinine, gum, resins, and dyes are other products obtained from these forests. Yerba mate is an important tree that grows in the Eastern Highlands.
• Rivers like the Amazon, Orinoco, and Parana provide inland water transport. Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Venezuela have developed hydroelectric power projects.
• South America is rich in minerals ranging from crude oil, copper, diamond, gold to silver. This is what attracted the Europeans to settle in this continent.

IMPORTANT TERMS

Campos : the tropical grasslands in central Brazil.
Gran Chaco : lowland alluvial plain in interior south-central South America.
Armadillo : an animal found in South America with a hard shell made of pieces-Of bone.
Lguana : a large tropical lizard found in South America.

EXERCISES

A. Fill in the blanks.

1. The tropical grasslands of Guyana are called llanos.
2. The coca tree is a native peruvian tree.
3. The quebracho tree grows in the Gran Chaco.
4. The pampas vegetation in Argentina consists of short, soft and nutritious grasses.
5. The galapagos Islands are inhabited by giant turtles.
6. Wax obtained from caranauba palm trees are used for making shoe polish, furniture poolish, lipstick and candles.
7. Quinine is obtained from the bark of cinchona trees.
8. Chile leads in the production of copper.

B. Find the odd one out in each of the following groups and say why.

1. Llanos, pampas, campos, selvas
2. Rubber, cinchona, pine, ebony
3. Tapir, piranha, sloth, puma
4. Jaguar, vicuna, llama, alpaca
5. Cactus, pine, scrub, prickly pear

Answer:

1. Selvas – As all other are grass
2. Pine
3. Tapir, pranha – piranha is a reptile
4. Jaguar – These three belong to camel family
5. Pine

C. Match the columns.


Answer:

D. Answer the following questions in brief.

Question 1.
How does the shape of the continent affect the climate of th£ southern part of South America ?
Answer:
Due to its tapering size or shape, the southern part of South America gets the moderating influence of the oceans and thus has mild climate.

Question 2.
Mention some of the factors that affect the climate of South America.
Answer:
A large part of South America lies within the tropical zone and is, therefore, hot. The apparent movement of the sun has an impact on die climate of South America. The climate is, however, r also influenced by a number of other factors such as the presence of the Andes Mountains, the height of a place above sea level, prevailing winds, nearness to seas and oceans, and die impact of ocean currents such as die warm Brazilian Current and the cold Peru Current.

Question 3.
Name the summer and winter months in large parts of South America.
Answer:
As it is mainly located in the southern hemisphere, a very large part of South America experiences summer in December and early January and winter in June-July.

Question 4.
Which winds bring heavy rainfall to the Guiana Highlands and Brazil ?
Answer:
The North-east and South-east Trade Winds bring heavy rain to the Guiana Highlands and Brazil.

Question 5.
Why is the Atacama a desert ? Is it a tropical desert or a temperate desert ?
Answer:
The Northern and central Andes block North East and South East Trade Winds which bring rain from the Atlantic Ocean to the Guiana Highlands and Brazil. Therefore, the regions west of the Andes do not receive any rain and are very dry and hot and the Atacama Desert is located here. The Atacama is a tropical desert.

Question 6.
Name some of the forest resources from the selvas of South America.
Answer:
The selvas or equatorial forests are important for hardwood trees such as mahogany, rosewood, and rubber. The camaiiba palm tree yields wax, which is used for making shoe polish, furniture polish, lipstick, and candles. The bark of the cinchona tree yeild quinine, a medicine used for treating malaria. Balsa, which is a lightweight wood, Brazil nus, gum, resins, and dyes are other products obtained from selvas.

E. Answer the following questions in one or two paragraphs.

Question 1.
Quito is located near the equator yet it has a cool pleasant climate throughout the year. Explain.
Answer:
Quito is the capital of Ecuador. It is situated close to the equator. In spite of its equatorial location, it has a pleasant climate throughout the year as it is situated high in the Andes.

Question 2.
Briefly describe the vegetation and wildlife of the selvas.
Answer:
The selvas or equatorial forests are important for hardwood trees such as mahogany, rosewood, and rubber. The camauba palm tree yields wax, which is used for making shoe polish, furniture polish, lipstick, and candles. The bark of the cinchona tree yields quinine, a medicine used for treating malaria. Balsa, which is a lightweight wood, Brazil nuts, gum, resins, and dyes are other products obtained from selvas.
Yerba mate is an important tree of the Eastern Highlands. The leaves of this tree are used to make a tea-like beverage. The Gran Chaco region grows quebracho (the woid’quebracho’ means ‘axe-breaker’), a hardwood tree which is a source of tannic acid used in leather tanning. The eastern slopes of the Andes and the confierous forests of Chile have softwood trees, which are important sources of Wood pulp for the paper industry.
Colourful birds, monkeys, insects and snakes such as the python and anaconda, reptiles such as crocodiles and alligators and fishes including the piranha are found in the Amazon forests.

Question 3.
What do you know about the tropical grasslands of South America.
Answer:
These grasslands have long grasses and are known as the llanos in Guyana and the campos in Brazil. There are scattered trees between the grasses of varying heights.

Question 4.
Describe the temperate grasslands of South America.
Answer:
These are called the pampas in north-eastern and central Argentina and Uruguay. The vegetation consists of short, soft, and nutritious grasses. This is a fertile tree-less area which is well suited to cattle grazing, dairying, and wheat cultivation. Vast amounts of wheat are grown here for export.

Question 5.
What kind of wildlife can be found in the Amazon forests?
Answer:
Colourful birds, monkeys, insects and snakes such as the python and anaconda, reptiles such as crocodiles and alligators and fishes including the piranha are found in the Amazon forests.

Question 6.
South America has rich mineral reserves. Write a brief description of the chief mineral deposits.
Answer:
Brazil has one of the world’s largest deposits of iron ore and also has some coal and vast oil reserves. Lake Maracaibo in Venezuela has rich deposits of mineral oil. This makes up for the lack of coal. About 15 per cent of the world’s crude oil comes from this region of South America. Venezuela is the biggest exporter of oil in South America and is next only to the Arab countries. It is a member ofthe Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC).
Chile is the world’s leading producer of copper. The largest copper mine in the world is at Chuquicamata in northern Chile. Peru is another important copper producer in South America. The Atacama Desert is still rich in nitrates, which are important for making fertilizers. Bolivia is one of the leading countries in tin production in the world. Gold is found in Colombia, Brazil, Ecuador, and Peru. Bolivia and Peru have silver mines. Reserves of two rare minerals—platinum and vanadium—are found in the Andes. Bauxite is mined in Guyana and Suriname.
South America is rich in minerals ranging from crude oil, copper, diamond, gold to silver. This is what attracted the Europeans to settle in this continent.

F. On a blank outline map of South America, mark the following.

1. Use red arrows to show the North-east Trade and South¬east Trade Winds and purple arrows to show the North Westerlies.
2. Colour in dark green the extent of the selvas.
3. Use light green to show the extent of the temperate grasslands of Argentina and Uruguay.
4. Colour in yellow the Patagonian and Atacama Deserts.
5. Write the words llama, rhea, pine, and puma in regions where they are found.
6. Write ‘P’ for petroleum, ‘S’ for silver and ‘C’ for copper in any two countries producing these minerals.

Answer:
See Textbook pages 120, 122 & 124

G Picture study.
Identify the animal seen in the photograph and answer the following questions

Question 1.
Name an area in South America where you can see it.
Answer:
They are seen in the central and southern regions of Peru.

Question 2.
How do these animals adapt to the climate?
Answer:
These animals live in an area of high altitude where the temperature can change rapidly and the ground can be frosted over haífthe year

Question 3.
Give one significant usefulness of this animal.
Answer:
The alpaca are domesticated as the alpaca provides fine wool

ICSE Solutions for Class 6 Geography Voyage – Elements of a Map

ICSE SolutionsSelina ICSE SolutionsML Aggarwal Solutions

APlusTopper.com provides step by step solutions for ICSE Solutions for Class 6 Geography Voyage. You can download the Voyage Geography ICSE Solutions for Class 6 with Free PDF download option. Geography Voyage for Class 6 ICSE Solutions all questions are solved and explained by expert teachers as per ICSE board guidelines.

ICSE Solutions Class 6 GeographyHistory & CivicsBiologyChemistryPhysicsMaths

A. Choose the correct answer

1. This is not one of the five basic elements of a map

1. a title
2. a north line
3. conventional symbols
4. a twine

2. This is one of the intermediate directions.

1. north
2. south
3. north-east
4. east

3. Places lying halfway between south and south-west will have a

1. south direction
2. west direction
3. south-south-west direction
4. west-south-west direction

4. This is the ratio of the distance between two places on a map to the actual distance between the same two places on the ground.

1. scale
2. plan
3. symbol
4. sketch

5. The numerator of a representative fraction is always

1. 1
2. 2
3. o
4. 100

B. Answer the following questions in brief.

Question 1.
What are the cardinal directions ?
Answer:
N may or maynot be shown the top of the map or plan indicates the North direction. If no such symbol is shown, then the top portion of the map is taken as the North and the bottom, right and left of the map as the South, the East and the West respectively. These directions—North, South, East and West — are called the cardinal directions.

Question 2.
What is meant by the scale of a map ?
Answer:
Scale on a map is the distance shown in the map. The scale is given just below the map.
Scale helps us to find out the correct distance between various points on a map. In a scale there is always a proportion between the dimension of the map and the actual area they represent.

Question 3.
Which three ways are used to represent the scale of a map ?
Answer:
The proportion which exists between the map and actual surface of the Earth is called the scale. A scale can be expressed in three ways

1. by a statement
2. by representative fraction
3. linear scale or graph

Question 4.
Convert the statement 1 cm = 100 km into an R.F. scale.
Answer:
1 km = 1000 m, 1 m = 100 cm
100 km = 100 × 1000 × 100 = 1,00,00,000 cm
Since RF = Distance on the map in cm
RFscale = 1 / 1,00,00,000 = 1:100,00,000

Question 5.
What method would you use to measure the length of a river ?
Answer:
We use twine method to measure the length of a river. In the twine method, a twine is placed along the feature to be measured from one end to the other, carefully following all the curves and bends. The length of the twine is then measured in centimetres or inches using a ruler or linear scale. Thereafter, this length is converted into kilometres or miles using the scale of the given map.

Question 6.
What is a legend or key ?
Answer:
A legend or key is an essential feature of any map. It explains the colours, signs, and symbols used in the map. It uses different colours to show the height or depth of an area above or below sea level respectively. It is provided near the top or the bottom of the map, either on the left-hand or right-hand side.

Question 7.
What are conventional signs and symbols ?
Answer:
A variety of colourful signs and symbols are used on maps to show natural and man-made features on maps. These signs and symbols give plenty of information and are simple to draw and understand.
Some of these symbols are internationally recognized as they have been determined by convention, i.e., these symbols have been agreed upon and accepted internationally. Therefore, they are also called conventional signs and symbols.

Question 8.
Name the features that are shown in blue, green, and brown colours on a map.
Answer:

• Blue : water bodies such as oceans, seas, bays, gulfs, lakes, rivers, streams.
• Green : lowlands or plains, both coastal and those built by rivers.
• Brown : hills, mountains, plateaux.
• Yellow : hot deserts.
• White : cold deserts, snow-covered regions.

Question 9.
Name the line of latitude that divides the earth into the northern and southern hemispheres.
Answer:
The line of latitude that divides the earth into the northern and southern hemispheres is the equator (0°).
A network of horizontal and vertical lines or latitudes and latitudes drawn on a map or globe is called the grid system. Latitudes are the horizontal east-west lines. The longest latitude is the equator (0°).

Question 10.
What are the latitudinal and longitudinal extents of India? Use your atlas to find the answer.
Answer:
The latitudinal extent of India is 20.59° N and the longitudinal extent of India is 79° E.

C. Answer the following questions in one or two paragraphs.

Question 1.
What are the five different elements of a map ? Explain them briefly ?
Answer:
The following are the five essential features of a map.

1. Title – It indicate the subject of the map. e.g, distribution of natural vegetation, water bodies, climate, etc.
2. Scale – It denotes the relationship between map distances and actual ground distances. _
3. Direction – It refers to the cardinal direction, i.e., North, South, East and West, Conventionally, a map is aligned with the North towards the top.
4. Key or Legend – It explains the meaning of the symbols that are used in the map.
5. Grid system, usually formed by the cross-conjugation of the lines of longitudes and latitudes.

Question 2.
Explain the functions of the north line and legend on a map.
Answer:
The direction on a map is measured with the help ofthe north line.
All maps have a key or a legend that explains the colours, signs and symbols used in them.
The equator (0° latitude) divides the earth into the hemispheres — the northern and the southern hemispheres. All lines of latitude are measured from the equator.

Question 3.
What is the difference between the cardinal directions and the intermediate directions ? Draw a diagram to shthe intermediate directions.
Answer:
The four major directions i.e. North, South, East and West are called cardinal directions. The directions in between these four cardinal directions are called intermediate directions.

E.g North, East, North-North east, South west etc.

Question 4.
Describe any two ways of representing a map scale.
Answer:
Map scales can be represented as
(a) Verbal or statement scale—i.e. the scale is stated in words as 1 cm = 5 km or 1 cm to 5 km. It means 1 cm on the map is equal to 5 km on ground.
(b) Representative fractions — In this system, the numerator expresses the distance on map and denominator represents the actual distance on ground. Both should have same units i.e. 1 cm on map represents 50,000 cm on ground.
R.F = distance on map cm / distance or ground cm

Question 5.
Why is the key or legend an important element of a map?
Answer:
A legend or key is an essential feature of any map. It explainsthe colours, signs, and symbols used in the map. It uses different colours to show the height or depth of an area above or below sea level respectively. It is provided near the top or the bottom of the map, either on the left-hand or right-hand side.

Question 6.
Explain why colours are used in maps?
Answer:
Colours play a significant role in maps. They make maps attractive to look at and easy to understand and interpret. On physical maps, the different colours are conventionally used in this way:

• Blue : water bodies such as oceans, seas, bays, gulfs, lakes, rivers, streams.
• Green : lowlands or plains, both coastal and those built by rivers.
• Brown : hills, mountains, plateaux.
• Yellow : hot deserts.
• White : cold deserts, snow-covered regions.

Question 7.
What are lines of latitude ? Give examples ?
Answer:
Latitudes are the horizontal east-west lines. The longest latitudes is the equator (0°). All the other latitudes are parallel to the equator and thier length decreases towards the poles. Examples:

1. The Tropic of Cancer, at 2314°, is located north of the equator. It is the northernmost limit to which the direct rays of the sun are received.
2. The Tropic of Capricorn, at 23 V20, is located south of the equator. It is the southernmost limit to which the direct rays of the sun are received.

Question 8.
What is the grid system ? Why is it important ?
Answer:
A network of horizontal and vertical lines or latitudes and longitudes drawn on a map or globe is called the grid system.
The grid system is an important feature of maps. It helps in locating places on the surface of the earth. For example, if you wanted to locate a place, you would look for its latitude and longtitude. The location of the place would be at the intersection of its latitude and longitude.

D. Look closely at the political map of India in your atlas and make a note of your observations and calculations in your notebook.

Question 1.
What is the scale of the map ?
Answer:
A scale is the ratio between the distance on a map and the actual distance on the ground.

Question 2.
Calculate the N-S and E-W extents of India.
Answer:
N-37°6\ S-8° 4′ and E 97°25\ W 68° T

Question 3.
Using the scale, calculate the distance between Delhi and Kolkata, Chennai and Thiruvananthapuram, and Mumbai and Panaji in kilometres.
Answer:
1 cm = 61 km
Delhi and Kolkata 24 cm = 24 × 61 = 1464 km
Chennai and Thiruvananthapuram 10.3 cm = 628 km appropriate
Mumbai and Panaji 6.50 cm = 6.5 × 61 = 397 km

E. Complete the following chart

Answer:

F. Practical work.

Question 1.
Draw a linear scale to show two men standing 30 m apart. Use the scale 1 cm = 3m.
Answer:

Question 2.
A rectangular plot of length 200 m and width 125 m was bought by a businessman to set up a cosmetic factory. Draw this plot reduced to size using the scale 1cm = 25m. Show your work in class.
Answer:

G Picture study
Study the diagram alongside and fill in the blanks with appropriate directions:
Example: A lies to the north-west of B.
1. T lies to the – of U.
2. P lies to the – of 0.
3. 0 lies to the – of P.
4. Y lies to the – of X.
5. U lies to the – of T.

Answer:
1. T lies to the south of U.
2. P lies to the E of O.
3. O lies to the W of P
4. Y lies to the SW of X.
5. U lies to the N of T.

H. Complete the following table with the help of the list of conventional signs and symbols given in this chapter

Answer:

Let’s Do something

Question 1.
Find latitudes and longitudes :
You will need an atlas. Turn to the index pages and find the latitudes and longitudes of these Indian cities.

Answer:

Question 2.
Make a clay globe in your art class and mark the major latitudes and longitudes using the following colours. Blue, green and brown.
Answer:
Do it yourself.

ICSE Solutions for Class 6 Geography Voyage – South America : Location, Area, Political and Physical Features

ICSE SolutionsSelina ICSE SolutionsML Aggarwal Solutions

APlusTopper.com provides step by step solutions for ICSE Solutions for Class 6 Geography Voyage. You can download the Voyage Geography ICSE Solutions for Class 6 with Free PDF download option. Geography Voyage for Class 6 ICSE Solutions all questions are solved and explained by expert teachers as per ICSE board guidelines.

ICSE Solutions Class 6 GeographyHistory & CivicsBiologyChemistryPhysicsMaths

POINTS TO REMEMBER

• The Isthmus of Panama joins South America to North America. South America is triangular in shape and a greater part of it lies south of the equator.
• South America can be divided into four physical divisions—the West Coastal Plains, the Andes Mountains, the Central Plains and the Eastern Highlands.
• The West Coastal Plains are narrow plains lying between the Pacific Ocean and the Andes Mountains, in the western part of the continent. The Atacama Desert is located here.
• The Andes are a long stretch of high, young fold mountains that run parallel to the Pacific Coast in the western part of the continent. Mt Aconcagua, the highest peak in South America, and Lake Titicaca, the second highest freshwater lake in the world, are located here. There are also several active dormant volcanoes located here such as Mt Chimborazo and Mt Cotopaxi.
• The Central Plains are lowlands that lie between the Andes in the west and the Eastern Highlands in the east. The flat plains are formed by the rivers Amazon, Orinoco, Parana, Paraguay and Uruguay.
• The Guiana Highlands and the Brazilian Highlands form the Eastern Highlands. The two highlands are separated by the river Amazon. These highlands extend in the eastern part of the continent along the Atlantic coast.
• The Orinoco River, the Magdalena River and the Amazon River are some of the important rivers of South America. Rivers Paraguay, Parana and Uruguay form the La Plata river system. Lake Titicaca, Lake Poopo and Lake Maracaibo are the important lakes of die continent.

IMPORTANT TERMS

Llanos : The grasslands of the Orinoco Basin.
Selvas : The dense equatorial forest of the Amazon Basin.
Pampas : The extensive temperate grasslands of Argentina.

VALUES AND LIFE SKILLS

We must learn not to exploit natural resources and to instead, take care of our environment and the natural resources we have, like the indigenous people in the Amazon Basin
What are the ways in which you can encourage a sustainable lifestyle ?
Answer:
We can encourage a sustainable lifestyle by following ways :

1. Become a member of a community garden.
2. Change the lights in your house (from light bulbs to CFL).
3. Become more efficient with your errands.
4. Start using Natural cleaners.
5. Walk, bike or car pool to work.

EXERCISES

A. Identify who I am

1. I am a narrow neck of land that joins South America to North America and separates the Atlantic Ocean from the Pacific Ocean : Isthmus of Panama.
2. I am a hot desert that lies in the western coastal region of South America and stretches across the Tropic of Capricorn : Atacama desert.
3. I am one of the few gaps in the Andean Mountain chain : Uspallata Pass.
4. I am the highest peak of the second highest young fold mountain chain of the world, with a height of6,960 metres above sea level : Mt. Aconcagua.
5. I am the second highest freshwater lake in the world : Lake Titicaca.

B. Write true or false.

1. The 60° W longitude passes almost through the middle of South America.
Answer. True.

2. The Orinoco Plains are called the llanos.
Answer. True.

3. The selvas are another name for the grasslands of Argentina.
Answer. False.
Correct— The pampas are another name for the grasslands of Argentina.

4. The La Plata river system drains southwards into the Atlantic Ocean.
Answer. True.

5. Lake Titicaca and Lake Poopo are saltwater lakes.
Answer. False.
Correct — Lake Titicaca and Lake Poopo are freshwater lakes.

C. Match the columns

Answer:

D. Answer the following questions in brief

Question 1.
What is the latitudinal extent of South America ? In which hemisphere does the major part of it lie ?
Answer:
South America extends from 12°N to 55°S and from 35°W and 81°W. Major part of this continent lies in Southern hemisphere though some parts lie north of the equator.

Question 2.
Name the water bodies that lie to the east and the west of this continent.
Answer:
The continent is bounded by Pacific ocean in West, Atlantic Ocean in East. The Caribbean sea lies north of this continent and it stretches as far South as the Southern Ocean.

Question 3.
Identify the major physical divisions of South America.
Answer:
The major physical divisions of South America are:

• The West Coastal Plains.
• The Andes Mountains.
• The Central Plains.
• The Eastern Highlands.

Question 4.
In what respect is the Atacama Desert different from the Patagonian Desert ?
Answer:
Atacama desert is a hot desert which lies in the Western Coastal Region across the Tropic of capricorn in North Chile whereas Patagonian desert is a cold desert which lies between 40°S and 50°S in Argentina in eastern highlands.

Question 5.
Name three Andean towns that are also capital cities in South America.
Answer:
Bogota, the capital of Colombia; Quito, the capital of Ecuador, and La Paz, the capital city of Bolivia, are important towns. Cuzco, the old Inca capital, Oroya in Peru, and Potosi in Bolivia are also important cities.

E. Answer the following questions in one or two paragraphs

Question 1.
Describe the Andes under the headings :

• Extent
• Position
• Features
• Significance

Answer:

• Extent — Long stretch of young fold mountains that run parallel to pacific coast in Western part of South America.
• Position — They are not one mountain range but several parallel ranges with basins and plateaux between them lying in the West Coastal region of South America.
• Fcatures — Despite being near the equator, the highest peak. Mt. Aconcagua remains snow covered. The Uspallata Pass is one of few gaps in the lofty mountain range. Lake Titicaca is the highest freshwater lake found in Andes. There are many active volcanic mountains present in Andes as they form a part of Pacific Ring of fire.
• Significance — Andes are storehouse of mineral wealth like copper, gold, silver, tin, lead and platinum. Many short, swift rivers flowing down the Andes supply hydroelectricity.

Question 2.
Explain the following : llanos, selvas, pampas and the Gran Chaco.
Answer:

1. Llanos — The Orinoco Plains are called llanos which means plains in Spanish.
2. Selvas — The Amazon Lowlands are called selvas.
3. Pampas — The temperate grassy plains of Argentina are called pampas.
4. Gran Chaco — The vast alluvial region which is not drained well and become marshy during rainy season in Parana- Paraguay lowlands are called Gran Chaco.

Question 3.
How are the Eastern Highlands different from the Andes Mountains ?
Answer:
The Eastern highlands are much lower in height than the Andes. The Andes are young fold mountains having active volcanic erruptions whereas the Eastern highlands are composed of old hard rocks and have Patagonian Desert which is a cold desert.

Question 4.
Describe the Amazon, the largest river of South America.
Answer:
The Amazon River rises in the Andes Mountains and flow Westward across the widest part of the continent. This is the largest river in the world. The equator passes near the mouth of this river. It divides the Guiana Highlands and the Brazilian highlands.

Question 5.
Describe the La Plata river system.
Answer:
The flat plains that are formed by the Parana, Paraguay and Uruguay rivers collectively is called La Plata river system. These rivers flow southwards and drain into the South Atlantic Ocean in a wide estuary in Argentina, which provides on excellent harbour.

F. On a blank outline map of South America mark and name the following :

1. Isthmus of Panama and Cape Horn
2. Rivers Amazon, Paraguay, Uruguay and Orinoco
3. Selvas, pampas, Guiana Highlands and Brazilian Highlands
4. Mountain peaks — Aconcagua, Cotopaxi and Chimborazo
5. Lake Titicaca and Lake Poopo

Answer:

G. Picture study
The picture here shows the world’s highest waterfall, which is in South America.

Question 1.
Identify the waterfall.
Answer:
Angel Falls.

Question 2.
Which river forms this waterfall ?
Answer:
The world’s highest waterfall ‘Angel Falls’ are formed by tributary of the river Orinoco.